Evaluating a Health Promotion Website Essay

Health Information Technology (HIT) has been introduced into the National Health Service (NHS) in order to improve the quality, efficiency, safety and cost effectiveness of the delivery of health care. The application of computerized information technology in health care settings has so far played a vital role in improving the accessibility of information and has replaced more labour intensive and unproductive methods (Shekelle and Goldzweig, 2009). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2009) maintain that that nurses’ skills, knowledge and practice must be guided by the best available evidence. Often this evidence is found on the internet however many sources of information can be inaccurate so a good standard of critical evaluation is required (Kim, Eng, Deering et al 1998). To evaluate the quality and reliability of a chosen website the use of a framework can be helpful such as Roberts (2012) 5 C’s website tool. This framework evaluates five areas: credibility, currency, content, construction and clarity. The website The Royal College of Psychiatrists (RC Psych, 2012 a) was chosen to be evaluated because as a mental health nursing student this will develop an awareness of how information technology is implemented and applied to practice in health care. Additionally, by using Roberts (2012) 5 C’s framework to critically evaluate this website, knowledge and skills of the quality and reliability of HIT will be acquired. Main Body RC Psych is the professional and educational organisation for psychiatrist in the UK as well as being a registered charity (RC Psych, 2012 b). Their website is aimed at improving the lives of individuals affected by mental illness through educating the public. They claim to be at the head of developing and promoting best practice in mental health services through their education, training and research projects. Additionally they are involved in the publishing of the following world-class journals; British Journal of Psychiatry, The Psychiatrist, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment and International Psychiatry (RC Psych, 2012 c). Credibility Having gained a royal charter this shows us that the organisation has been recognised by the Queen and seconded by the government to call itself a registered organisation of the highest regard. As stated by the Privy Council Office (2012) organisations granted a Royal Charter must have a solid record of achievement. 75% of its members should be qualified to at least first degree level and the work completed by the organisation must be in the interest of the public. Professor Peter Tyrer is named as the Editor, of the website, and is said to be responsible for the editorial and production aspects of its publications in addition to the production of their online continuing professional development (CPD) e-learning resources and its sales and marketing (RC Psych, 2012 d). After researching Peter Tyrer it is evident that he is highly qualified within the field of mental health and is a professor of community psychiatry for the Department of Medicine, within the Imperial College London (Imperial College London, 2012). The website offers a vast amount of information around mental health including conditions, diagnoses, treatments and types of therapies. The advice provided is produced in the form of online leaflets for the use of the public as well as professionals. Within the website there is no evidence to show that the same specific authors are used regularly for their published articles however, at the end of each article the producer, editor and sometimes an author are named in addition to any expert that has been involved in the making of it. All these leaflets are produced by the RC Psych Public Education Editorial Board that is responsible for producing 300 educational leaflets. These leaflets have been accredited by the NHS Information Standard and subsequently gained numerous awards (Byrne, 2011). They have achieved Plain English and BMA patient information awards and have received consistently positive feedback for the web versions. The editor of these leaflets is Dr Phillip Timms who is currently employed as a consultant Psychiatrist for the South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust as well as a senior lecturer in psychiatry at King’s College, London (BMJ Masterclasses, 2012). This site’s web address shows that it is delivered by a UK based academic body as it has an ac.uk URL. This confirms their credibility and reassures the reader that they are qualified experts able to give advice in this field (Roberts, 2010). Combining all this it is apparent that the producers of the website have appropriate qualifications and expertise to offer advice in regards to mental health and supports the credibility of the organisation and the website. Some of these points also link into the other five C’s for example, the awards that the leaflets have received show that the content and clarity of their work has been assessed and found to be of an acceptable standard. Currency When using a website for personal development reasons or to recommend to a patient the information being accessed should be the most current evidence available that has been proven in practice. In regards to the advice provided on the website RC Psych (2012 e) states that they endeavour to update it every two to three years. This is reflected in the articles by showing the date the information was last updated and the date it will be reviewed in the future. Additionally RC Psych (2012 d) state that their information derives from the best evidence available at the time of writing and is updated regularly to reflect any changes in knowledge. Another way to determine the currency of information is to consider the references used to back it up (Roberts, 2010). If the sources are dated then what you are reading may not come from the most current research so there may be more up to date evidence elsewhere. The dates of the references used throughout the website are quite varied however, they do contain many recently published articles and up to date clinical guidelines so this suggests that they are committed to producing up to date information and evidence. This is seen in a leaflet on depression where RC Psyche (2012 f) cites a recently updated guideline by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2009) which looks at the treatment and management of depression in adults. The currency and credibility of the website can also be reflected in its content and therefore this should also be assessed during the evaluation process. Content As well as being credible and current the content must be assessed for its objectivity, accuracy and completeness (Roberts, 2010). The content of a website can be judged by assessing what the website aims to achieve. This could be selling a product, persuading the audience to believe in something or to provide the reader with unbiased and up to date information on a specific topic (Roberts, 2010). RC Psych (2012 a) profess that they aim to improve the lives of individuals with a mental health illness. They aim to do this by educating people through making information and advice available on their website. This would indicate that it falls under the category of providing unbiased and up to date information to the public. The articles on the website are written in the third person so prevents the author from expressing personal opinion. Furthermore the leaflets produced provide links to various other sources of information on the topic being discussed. This encourages further reading which provides a complete and balanced view preventing bias and, where treatment is recommended, allows the reader to make an informed choice (Roberts, 2010). The references used within the website are taken from well known and respected sources that provide current and acknowledged recommendations such as NICE, the Department of Health (DOH) and various field related journals. This indicates that the website seeks to provide and maintain up to date, accurate and unbiased information that concurs with information available in books and journals on the same subjects. Construction The construction of a website, for example, the layout, colours, fonts, sizes and ease of access can determine whether or not a reader believes the website is of good quality or not (Roberts, 2010). A study by Lindgaard, Fernandes and Dudek et al. (2006) found that the first 50 milliseconds that the reader is exposed to a website can cause the reader to form an opinion as to whether a website is worth using or not. On first impression, the website in question looks colourful and professional. The eye is drawn to the bolder writing that states the websites purpose and there are minimal graphics to distract the reader from this. There is a lot of information on the home page of the website and could be considered cluttered, however it is divided into clear sections and appears well organised, giving clear subheadings which guide the reader to their areas of interest easily. The main colour used for the website is grey and presents a professional look. It is subtle but effective in breaking up different sections of the website without being obtrusive. The font size is varied throughout but mainly of a larger size making the website easy to read. There is no option for the reader to change the font sizing or colour which could cause some difficulty as it is not possible to suit everyone with one font size, style and colour (Roberts, 2010). As this is a registered charitable organisation it would be unfair to expect them not to promote money making offers. There are two links to buy books that are published by the royal college of psychiatrists and an option to support them in future development projects. They have presented these links as the last things you would come across on the website. Because of where they are situated it comes across to the reader that they are more interested in providing free and accessible information to educate the pubic over making money. Clarity Clarity is another important area to consider when evaluating a website. Due to our continually growing multi-cultural society it is important that websites cater for all groups in society and not just the English readers. One part of the website caters for professionals working in psychiatry and another to the public wanting to learn more about mental illness. Both sections are presented and written in a way that is understandable to the general public. In the public section they offer their advice in 21 different languages in addition to visual aids using BSL sign language as well as audio pod casts and printable versions. This shows that they have made an effort to cater for diverse cultures and needs. Unfortunately it appears that they have not taken into account the needs of people with dyslexia. Approximately two million people in the UK population are affected by dyslexia of which around 35 to 40 percent experience visual disturbances when reading (Dyslexia Action, 2012). The British Dyslexia Association, (2012) states that the reading ability of an individual with dyslexia can be negatively affected by bright white backgrounds and the use of too much text. By changing the background to an off white colour and spreading out the information over larger areas this would cater for yet another group in society. Conclusion Having the ability to access health information via the internet has given nurses the capacity to constantly improve their knowledge base and skills knowing that they are delivering the best possible care derived from the best available evidence. The RC Psych website not only offers nurses a place to go and build on their knowledge and skills but it also provides them with a safe, reliable and easily accessible knowledge base that they can confidently refer their patients to. The evaluation of this website has shown that the website contains quality, reliable evidence and could be recommended to anyone interested in the field of mental illness. In addition to this the use of the five C’s evaluation tool has provided a great foundation to the development of evaluating skills. It has given an opportunity to discover that the evidence being accessed is suitable for developing personal practice and to help educate patients and is accepted within the NMC code of conduct (Roberts, 2 010).

Alan Mulally, Ceo, Ford Motor Company

Describe what is motivating Jim Goodnight. Discuss how these factors are similar or different to what may motivate you if you worked at SAS. What motivates Jim goodnight is that he has assembled a company with loyal employees that enjoy working in the organization. Jim believes that† if you treat employees as if they make a difference to the company, they will make a difference† to the company. (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011) As stated in the case just having the ability to work in relax and stress free environment makes the job more productive which is a great factor in any job you work at. Jim offers great benefits to work at SAS. SAS has an on cite daycare center for kids is a great factor. Having the ability to have unlimited sick days to take off for family. Those are the most important factors when working because you never want to feel like you put your job in jeopardy for taking off a lot for sick days. Hellriegel, D. & Slocum, Jr. J. (2011). Organizational behavior. Mason, OH Cengage Learning publishing Describe ethical problems associated with performance-based reward programs. Ethical problems associated with based performance reward programs are for example with DIRECTV as a CSR are incentives are base upon our yearly performance which our supervisor gets a percentage of that. I feel that supervisors shouldn’t be able to get a certain percentage of the employee’s earnings. This has been implemented from the job as a offer or incentive to supervisor as a benefit for the job. In your experience, explain any abuses you have seen. An experience I have seen at a previous job where I have worked, an employee has trained another employee for a supervisor position and once trained the employee made less money than the other employee that was trained. I find that to be ethical. Recommend how leaders can correct such abuses. Leaders need to design a better management that can be the over sea to correct the loop holes in the issues that are occurring. Employees shouldn’t train management. There should be a team of management trainers that train the managers for their jobs.

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Anthropology - Essay Example Some of the mutations are silent and do not bring chances in the exonic sequence of the DNA, hence they remain silent. In certain cases these silent mutations may be expressed in the next generation or are lost with the individual. Thus, mutation or modifications of genomic sequences affects the expression of the genes in a given population. Equilibrium is observed for every inheritable modification and is studied with the help of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. H-W equilibrium provides the basis to analyze the alleles of the gene(s). If no modification occurred, the static allele frequency, crossways generations, remain static. For instance, in the present case, characteristic of the earlobe, either attached or unattached could be studied as the simple case of single locus. The alleles are present on the single locus in two different forms namely; the dominant allele is denoted by E and the recessive by e with frequencies denoted by p and q respectively. Frequency of E freq (E) = p and frequency of e, freq(e)= q. In a given population, under ideal conditions p + q =1 The heterozygotes according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, freq (Aa) = 2pq. According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (p is the dominant allele and q is the recessive allele). Punnett square for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium explains the genetics of transmission of traits in a population. The equation explains the prevailing frequency of allelic forms of earlobe, attached or unattached and hence the equation is highly

Three Privai Products and Three Ingredients Per Product Research Paper

Three Privai Products and Three Ingredients Per Product - Research Paper Example According to Mayo Clinic, tea may also work against viruses that cause genital warts. Tea also contains polyphenols, potent antioxidants that may reduce the risk of cancer, according to TeaBenefits.com. It may also lower both cholesterol and triglyceride levels while it prevents blood clots effectively as aspirin to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Grapeseed oil is pressed and extracted from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera  grapes, an abundant  by-product  of  winemaking. Primary uses of grapeseed oil include culinary and cosmetics. It is a significant to antioxidant products because it helps in moisturizing the skin. According to wisegeek.com, it is often combined with other oils to make  massage  oil because of its quality to glide well on the skin and its moisturizing properties. It also appears to assist with skin repair because of its mild astringent  and antiseptic qualities. It is also used as a  lubricant  for  face  shaving. Pomegranate seed oil is an extract from pomegranate (Punica granatum), fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight metres tall. Pomegranate is native to China, India, Egypt and regions of the Middle East. It is rich and nutritious. Its phytochemical content such as ellagic acid makes it useful to antioxidant products. According to the mountainroseherbs.com, it’s because of these properties that make it commonly used in cosmetics products. It helps to revitalize dull or mature skin, assist with wrinkles, and to soothe minor skin irritations. Pomegranate seed oil adds moisture, improves skin elasticity, and protects the skin. It can also provide relief from minor skin irritations and inflammation such as dry skin, eczema, psoriasis and sunburned skin. In one study conducted by the University of Michigan Medical School (published in the February 2006 Journal of Ethnopharmacology), it have shown that pomegranate

Mariel boat lift Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mariel boat lift - Research Paper Example icies of many European countries as well as America and they did think of providing political asylum to the Cubans but, still there was a law in the European countries that any illegal immigrant coming to Europe from Cuba will be handed back to the Cuban government. Cuba is very well known anti human rights country. No human rights association is allowed to enter and work in this country because of the cruel anti human rights actions taking place in the country and the rulers of that place do not want them to be exposed out in the whole world. These anti Human rights actions were the main cause that lead to the immigration of millions of Cubans and they had to leave their country and countless innocent lives were lost in the process until the Mariel boatlift that started from a radio broadcast and turned out to be a mass immigration. Cuba is a communist country and violates several many human rights incorporated into the Declaration of Human Rights. It suppresses its individuals thought process, religion, opinion, right to participate in government and other many things. Furthermore, it denies access to humanitarian organizations into Cuba (Tibanear). The Cuban government does not allow its citizens to immigrate without government authorization. Immigration was a crime punishable by jail time as well as monetary penalties. However, after 1989, Cuba’s economic conditions took a turn for the worst and Cubans were desperate to move even if it put their life to risk. An estimated 70,000 Cubans have probably died trying to migrate to America. More recently, law have been signed where neighboring countries like the U.S Bahamas etc return unauthorized Cuban immigrants to the Cuban government while many European countries do the same. However, in some case the European countries provide political asylum. This jus t shows blurred international law about humanitarian rights (WerLau). Over 125,000 Cubans moved to Southern Florida from Port of Mariel in Cuba during the

PHIL-COIS- Cyberethics Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PHIL-COIS- Cyberethics Eassy - Essay Example Cyber bullying is increasing and resulting dangerous outcomes, which is becoming a serious threat in the community. Cyber bullying needs serious concerns for both online community and regulation to overcome this cyber crime. Possible solution of prevention from cyber bullying will be also discussed. The safer legal and disciplined use of the internet is the basic understanding of Cyber-Ethics (Cyberethics, 2011). Ethics have some standard rules and principles that are followed by humans. Same standards are followed in cyber activities. The way in which one can behave on the internet comes under cyber ethics. It involves the legal concerns as well, like following the law during internet usage. In digital media, the moral norms and duties should be followed and this comes under the definition of cyber ethics. The ethics that are needful for the internet environment comes under the definition of cyber-ethics. Another name of cyber ethics is computer ethics or internet ethic and all that comes under the spectrum of cyber-ethics. The alone computer user have own personal ethics while interacting with a system, when a same user becomes the internet user more principles involved under ethics and as a whole the user should follow the ethical norms (Tavani, 2006). The reason why one should concern about cyber ethics is to use the internet in a safe manner. The cyber-ethics are equally important as other areas (Pelgrin, 2011). Facebook and MySpace as social networking websites are so popular that these sites are difficult to control. Serious problem of cyber bullying has aroused. Girls commit suicide when their parents had taunted them on identifying their children’s identity. Description of cyber-ethics is explained in many categories regarding cyber-ethics. Some ethical values are common throughout the universe and same actions are applied in everywhere in the world, for example theft, murder, and assault. Same legal and

Nursing Situation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Situation - Assignment Example From this, we have found that its primary objective was to the influence that the patients have the moment their needs are not adhered to as per their wish (Alexander and Stuart, 2010). There are domains that are required to be focused to deal with sick people accordingly. These domains are; understand the socio-demographic background of the patient, patients expectations regarding nursing care. Nurses also study the physical environment surrounding the patient and responsible for an interpersonal relationship between the therapist and the patient. Technical medical competence of a nurse and the influence the is available within the healthcare organization that concerns both a nurse and the patient, this are among the roles of the patient (Alexander and Stuart, 2010). If a nurse upholds and follows the highlighted domains, the nursing care will provide maximum satisfaction to their patients. The project can be described to be a backbone on the health care provision. As it is obvious, a patient is a person whose health status has malfunctioned. If his/ her needs are not attended to in a timely and proper perspective, life might be lost. The attention to assure sick people that care and attention will be the priority of most hospitals by the therapists will create a good impression to the community (Alexander and Stuart, 2010). To confirm and change the project basing on the patients preferences, there are aspects that need to be learned and understood by the nurses. The therapist has to work citing the domains about the patients (Alexander and Stuart, 2010). Understanding the patient’s expectations and background will assist more in the patient’s recovery. Some patients are stubborn ad troublesome in nature, so the nurse has to good in communication skills and interpersonal skills. The major character involved is the nurse. Nurses are responsible performing physical examinations and health

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example These initiatives normally revolve around resource allocation, utilization, and performance in the external environment of the business. Additionally, strategic management provides the opportunity for an organization to specify its mental picture, policies, objectives, mission and plans. It allocates the required resources for the execution of its programs, projects and plans (Sachs & Ru?hli 2011 p. 1). Furthermore, strategic management ensures the organization develops a balanced scorecard for the evaluation of its general performance. The scorecard also enables it to determine if it is progressing towards its set objectives and make the necessary changes or adjustments. However, for an organization to perform its strategic management process successfully, it must have the right paradigm. Importance of an organization’s "paradigm" for strategic management Several contemporary organizations today are operating in complex environments where there are frequent and sudden changes of structures. They need to decamp from their traditional management structures to adapt new approaches to management. Incidentally, the operating environment for most organizations faces stiff competition and massive explosion in the field of information technology. This requires that the company update its management paradigm to fit in the new era adequately (Kachru 2009, p. 48). The enhanced utilization of information technology has led to the emergence of knowledge or information based economy. This is partially responsible for the increase in complexities of organizations. Consequently, many organizations have resorted to changing their paradigms to adopt new organizational structures. This includes the changes in leadership and management practices. Additionally, technologies such as the internet, e-mail, voice mail and telecommuting have also contributed in the rebranding of the structures of organizations to encompass virtual offices, companies and teams (Kachru 2009, p. 92 ). The shift to the new organizational paradigms has several uses to the organization. The adoption of new technologies in the field of information science is making both intra-organizational, as well as inter-organizational communications simpler (Kachru, 2009, p. 93). Consequently, this eliminates the previous communication boundaries leading to a global market place that is borderless. The elimination of the market place boundaries can significantly reduce the command chains within organizational structures and paradigm. As a result, the organization will have free control spans by replacing its departments with stronger teams that have been empowered. This paradigm assumes an organizational structure whereby a flatten hierarchy replaces vertical boundaries as cross-functional teams replace functional departments. This is important to the organization because it consolidates the activities of the organization around centralized processes (Kachru 2009, p. 84). The creation of the organizational paradigms without boundaries eliminates geographical barriers to the organization. This places an organization in a suitable position to interact freely with its clients and other business partners in the entire globe. For good strategic management, an organization needs to shift its paradigm to benefit from the following processes a. Reduced dependence on the leadership of command and control b. Hierarchy breakdown that leads to a lean change in the systems of management c. Enhanced commitment to the application and utilization of virtual technologies d. Increased teamwork reliance e. Attain flexibility f. Interactive system of knowledge transfer through electronic and mutual interest instead of authority systems New forms of management

Compare Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare Devices - Essay Example This paper will compare Shakespeare’s poem titled, â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† and Marvell’s poem titled, â€Å"To his coy mistress†. Marvell’s poem â€Å"To his coy mistress† depicts a male speaker addressing his mistress. The speaker speaks in reference to how much time he will spend loving the mistress and uses different ideas linked to time to convince the mistress that the relationship needs a deeper level of commitment. In a bid to achieve this purpose, Marvell made use of numerous devices to place emphasis on his theme. From the title of the poem, one can begin to understand the male speaker and the words that he utters to his mistress. Evidently, the term used â€Å"coy† implies that the mistress is reserved explaining why the speaker makes efforts to convince her. He makes use of imagery such as â€Å"vegetable love† to place emphasis on the kind of love he had for the mistress. This type of imagery brings about the idea that his love was fresh and blossoming and with a great capacity to grow. Moreover, he also uses an additional imagery â€Å"Times winged chariot† (Marv ell). In a real sense, time does not have a chariot to signal people. However, Marvell used this imagery to emphasize his fear that time would pass by too soon, leaving them without an opportunity for their love. On the other hand, Shakespeare wrote his highly influential poem â€Å"Shall I compare thee to summer’s day† which also depicts a male speaker addressing a woman. In this poem, the speaker places emphasis on the beauty and youth of the loved woman. Just like Marvell, Shakespeare was an expert in the use of imagery which he relied on in the development of the theme of love and praise to the woman. In references to the woman’s youth, he says, â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† (Shakespeare). This powerful imagery is used to illustrate the woman’s beauty and youth which are not subject to fading for

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Statistics - Essay Example Therefore, this paper presents carbon dioxide data and a presentation of its trend over the years. In addition, the paper presents data on unemployment and house prices and their relationship in United Kingdom over the years. The above chart represents an upward trend in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The horizontal axis represents the years from 1991 to 2011 whereas the vertical axis represents the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Looking at the data, the mean of CO2 is increasing from year to year thus creating an upward trend. This being a period of industrial revolution, this rise is associated with the heavy or rather increasing human and industrial activities across the globe. A snapshot of the above chart depicts that in every year there was a rise in carbon dioxide up to a certain level whereby it reduces before it began rising again. For instance, in the year 1991, the first five months reported an increase in CO2 concentration. Thereafter, the next four months depicted or rather reported a decrease in CO2 concentration. Finally, the last three months of the year showed an increase in the level of CO2 in comparison with the previous four years. Therefore, this rising trend in CO2 concentration is due to factors such as increased use of the fossil fuel across the globe and other agricultural or industrial activities that contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Looking at the unemployment rate chart, there is a downward trend in the rate of unemployment over the years. The vertical axis is the rate of unemployment in every year whereas the horizontal axis is the years; from 1991 to 2013. The mean of unemployment rate is reducing from year to year. For instance, the mean in the year 1991 is 7.675, in 1992 is 9.341 and in 1993 is 9.891667. The trend in house prices chart shows an upward trend in house price over the years. The horizontal axis of the

Young Goodman Brown Essay Example for Free

Young Goodman Brown Essay Young Goodman Brown is a story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne with many interpretations. It is a story of Young Goodman Brown’s adventure that many believe was a journey away from home. Some people believe that he was trying to get at the community and everyday social life. One way to interpret it is that Young Goodman Brown was simply taking a journey in his sleep a dream. When reading this story, there are many ways to interpret it as a dream. Hawthorne says, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown came forth, at sunset, into the street of Salem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1289) which could literally mean the sun is setting and that night is coming upon him. He also says that Brown â€Å"put his head back† (1289) which could reference him lying down before bed. After this, he kisses his wife Faith, and leaves her to go on his â€Å"journey. † I feel that he is really kissing her goodnight before he goes to sleep. When he â€Å"looked back, and saw the head of the Faith still peeping after him,† he is really opening his eyes and see that she is still awake. When Goodman Brown sees that Faith is still awake he says â€Å"God bless you and you may find all well, when you come back† (1289), I interpreted all this as Goodman Brown had been cheating on Faith. In the beginning of the story, Goodman Brown â€Å"came forth† (1289), or came home, meaning he had not been there the whole time. Goodman Brown even asks Faith, â€Å"dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married! † Stating the fact that she is starting to doubt Goodman Brown and their relationship. I also interpreted the wife’s name Faith as faith in their relationship. Goodman Brown’s dream begins when he â€Å"leave[s] her [Faith] on such an errand† (1289). Leaving her could either be the realization of his cheating, or him falling asleep. When he begins to describe his journey, he says that he â€Å"had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest†¦ It was as lonely as could be; and there was peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that, with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude† (1289). The dreary, gloomy, lonely road represents the road in which he has decided to take by cheating. The people being concealed by the tree trunks represent possible friends of Faith’s that could catch Goodman Brown and tell his wife. The unseen multitude signifies the many lovers. Later in the story, Goodman Brown meets up with his companion that is never given a name. I interpreted the companion as not the devil, which he is portrayed as, but the temptation to cheat. The character is described to have a â€Å"staff, which bears the likeness of a great black snake† (1290) which symbolizes deceitfulness when portrayed in stories. When Goodman Brown and the traveler approach the elderly woman, she screams â€Å"The Devil! (1291) The last reference is when the companion â€Å"plucked a branch of maple†¦began to strip the twigs†¦[but] the moment his fingers touched them, they became strangely withered and dried up. † (1292). This represents the traveler taking something good (Goodman Brown’s marriage) and turning it into something bad by ‘his touch’ or the act of cheating. After cheating for a while, Goodman Brown is able to break away from habit and go off into the forest. The dream continues and soon sees people he knows from town and hears Faith’s sorrowful voice surround Goodman Brown. Faith asks him for a favor that she seems to think is unattainable and the ‘unseen multitude’ (earlier described as many lovers) is encouraging her. Goodman Brown starts to shout in desperation and realizes Faith is gone. At that point his dream turns into a nightmare. Goodman Brown laughed, â€Å"when the wind laughed at him† (1294) and â€Å"there could be nothing more frightful than the figure of Goodman Brown. † (1294) In his dream, Goodman Brown attended church the next day and did not see Faith. Goodman than â€Å"glance[d] at his pale wife, and Faith at him. † He then told her to â€Å"resist the wicked one† (1297). This could be interpreted as Faith’s opportunity to cheat and Goodman Brown telling her not too. Goodman Brown soon â€Å"staggered against a rock and felt it chill and damp, while a hanging twig, that had been all on fire, besprinkled his cheek with the coldest dew. † (1297) This part of the story could be interpreted as him waking up from his dream because he goes back to where the dream began. At the end of the story, Goodman Brown asks himself if he had â€Å"fallen asleep in the forest, [or] only dreamed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He â€Å"shrank from the bosom of Faith†¦scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1298). Goodman Brown realizes his life has been a lie and begins to resent every moment he has with Faith after the realization of his dream. When he dies, †they carve no hopeful verse upon his tomb-stone; for his dying hour was in gloom. † Goodman Brown’s dream changed his life. It made him realize that he had been cheating on Faith, but she, in turn, had the chance to make the same mistake. When he awakens, he loathes his actions he has previously committed and makes his life not only miserable for himself, but for Faith and their family. Young Goodman Brown was young when he fell in love with Faith, but not a good man at all.

Personal statement Essay Example for Free

Personal statement Essay My names David, and just like my entire society of Jews, I have been neglected from the German nation. I have found no reasoning, no explanation, for why we been blamed for our countries extreme downfall. For the last two years our family has been in hiding and three months ago we were located and persecuted by the Nazis. The neighbors gather information and noticed we were Jewish, they quickly called the police. Weve received letters from our relatives stating their safe in a labor camp but I know they are probably not even alive anymore. Ive kept updated with the militaries action and they invaded Poland 39 as well. I feel an entire war begging and the help for our race is no where near. This Genocide is no where near over. We were stuffed into train crafts, over crowed without any space to sit. We had a bucket as a toilet for about 35 people. I felt the presence of evil from the begging, and even though I know were heading to Auschwitz I dont have any predictions for my future. As soon as we stepped off the train we were separated into two groups. To me the groups were workers and the other were the useless. I havent seen my mother or baby sister nor my grandmother. Me and my father escaped and are once again in hiding. We tried locating our family but we cant find anyone from the other group, but have seen bodies being disposed and the crematoria. I havent slept but Ive cried, consistently. As well as my father were torn down we understand what is going and are hopeless. I know the year, 1943. But not the day nor month. Help? I don’t expect it, not after 4 years not anytime soon especially not America who didn’t even allow the St. Louis ship to stop in the beginning. The only reason I believe this is because they have no idea what is going on. If they did they would evidently stop this epidemic and come rescue us. Me and my father have been living hopeless and have not expected anything to change but were safely hiding. Today we saw American soldiers invaded the labor camp and I have no idea what my future holds. Hopefully we can relocate to Israel which is under British control or united states. I just want for everything to go back to normal but the will never happen, especially since my family has been destroyed. The Allies soldiers are helping as much as possible and feel more sorrow then any other person, They will never fully understand what we went through. The world has come to a complete change, they understand that the isolation only brought destruction to entire world and the only way to keep peace is too come to a united world. I don’t feel the same, never will. My mentality has developed, I avoid eye contact with everyone, I hate speaking of the experiences but I most in order to let society know what has really happened.

Discrimination Against The Elderly

Discrimination Against The Elderly This report will highlight the issue on discrimination against elderly people in countries such as Singapore, America and United Kingdom (UK). Similarly, all three countries face employment discrimination but there were slight improvements in UK. Situation of discrimination against elderly is considered to be the worse in America because they are also denied of opportunities to seek health care. The importance, impact of social discrimination and measures taken at the company and national level to combat this discrimination are also discussed. Section 2- The issues and who are involved Singapore is rapidly facing ageing population where the proportion of residents aged 65 and above contributes to 14% of the resident population in 1998 and this will increase to 27% in 2015. An increase in life expectancy has led to the increase in proportion of elderly people. Other reasons were due to the ageing of the baby boomers, decrease in infant and early childhood mortality rate and low birth rates. In todays society, our perception of elderly people is often that of dependency, slow and disregarded. Misconceptions arise about ageing, leading to stereotyping and social discrimination. A common stereotype states that most elderly people are ill. When elderly people are unsure of themselves, they are considered to be senile and they are also accused of being old when they forgot a sentence. The older generation have worked hard and they deserve to be respected by the society. With more and more people becoming old, it is important to pay attention to these legal issues surrounding the older generation. It is necessary to confront such concerns now so that we can look forward in enjoying our old age in the future. Addressing the problem of discrimination in Singapore is therefore vital in further developing and building up our nation. By undertaking these suggestions, we can then hope towards a better future for Singapore, one free from discrimination. Therefore, it is necessary that companies and individuals change their mindset and be more supportive towards the older generation. Discrimination of elderly people is prevalent in the workplace in Singapore. Age discrimination occurs when older worker is discriminated against by an employer because of their age. A recent survey by Kelly Services discovered that majority of the 1,500 respondents polled in Singapore, experienced some type of prejudice when applying for a job in the last five years and the main reason for discrimination, which contributed to 29 percent, was age. Older adults are often viewed negatively such as having high wage expectations because of their experiences, lacking new skills and unable to meet the physical demands of the job. Majority of the older workers did not complete their secondary education due to limited educational opportunities. Hence, they have a lower skilled job. As firms seek higher productivity, with current jobs being automated and improvised, it results in multiple and higher skills requirements. This eventually leads to older workers, with low education and holding unskilled jobs, being retrenched. Even if low skilled jobs are available, older workers still face competition from younger and cheaper foreign workers. Many companies are biased against older workers and still prefer to hire younger employees. Such discrimination fails to tap fully the older workers contributions. In addition, high cost of hiring older workers and perception among employers that they are less productive and open to new ideas are some of the common reasons why many firms are less likely to hire them. As such, employers may encourage early retirement or layoff disproportionately older workers. This is usually seen in computer and entertainment industries. As a result, we often see older workers picking up empty cans or selling tissue papers. Other stereotypical old-age occupations that come into mind will be cleaners and servers at fast food restaurants. Based on Singapores laws (with some exceptions), the government cannot take any legal action against employers who choose to discriminate. Individuals also cannot sue employers. Employment discrimination is also similar in America where there are a large number of aging employees in the workplace (due to the baby boomer generation). Employers engage in age discrimination when they sack or refuse to hire older workers because of ageist stereotypes. However, they have the United States Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) which prohibits age discrimination. Employers are not allowed to discriminate when hiring and firing employees who are aged 40 or older. United Kingdom (UK) also faces similar discrimination against the elderly in the workplace as Singapore and America. However, there were improvements these recent years. Employers are positive about retaining older workers as they are seen as a valuable resource. Older workers want to work beyond state pension age and various surveys also show that there is a keen attitude among them for flexible working and flexible pensions. The government also encourages older workers to continue working. UK employment equality law is effective as it helps to combat prejudice in the workplace as it prohibits discrimination against people based on gender, race, religion and age etc. It is illegal to discriminate against an employee under the age of 65 due to age. In addition, employers who sack workers or deny them training opportunities as their colleagues will break the law. Based on UKs Office for National Statistics, the number of older workers in UK employment rose by 8.8% from March 2007 to March 2008. In Singapore, there is not much issue on discrimination against the elderly in terms of health care because we have a universal health care system where both government and private sectors will provide treatment to patients regardless of age. Unlike Singapore, the elderly in both America and UK are discriminated against when seeking health care because health professionals refuse to meet the elderly needs. When a person reaches the age of 60, health services are based on a persons age and some have been denied care as a result. Age discrimination is still practiced in all levels of health care but nothing has been done to curb this prejudice against older people. Older people feel like outcasts of society because care is offered to young people regularly. Another example of discrimination against the elderly people was the incapability of making independent decisions such as living independently. People see this as a negative attitude which is often translated into their ageist actions. However, research has shown that older people value their independence. They want to make their own decisions and have access to information in order to make the best choices in life. There seems to be a trend for the elderly to live on their own, away from their children. According to Brunk (1998) it is a decision that is usually forced by a sudden decline in their health or mental abilities, or the realization that they can no longer get the kind of care they need at home or from family caregivers. This results in family member putting the elderly in the care of caregivers in the elderly homes, thinking that they have provided them the best in terms of basic needs. By doing so, they have unnoticeably discriminated against them by having a perception that they are dependent and a burden. Section 3- Why is it important for us to talk about it? Age discrimination has a negative impact on both the economy and society. Discriminating age is harmful to companies because older people are usually full of experiences. By not hiring them, it will result in a big loss of expertise; deprive them of securing a job and not tapping fully on their contributions to the society. The effect on the economy is also evident in older workers depleting life savings which were needed for retirement. Borrowing money from financial institutions and maxing out credit cards may be the only few solutions for some unemployed people to survive. Medical needs can go unmet and they have to seek help via subsidies to pay for their medication. Depression also rises when people are not being employed as they faced difficulties to make the ends meet. However, In Singapore, the government has implemented Central Provident Fund (CPF) which gives many working Singaporeans a sense of security and confidence in their old age. CPF also provides them with a retirement income to meet their basic needs when they are old. In countries such as UK and America, ageism will have an effect on health care providers professional training and service delivery. This, in turn, affects older patients treatment and health outcomes negatively. Therefore, it is important to understand the importance of older people to society because the quality of life can be improved when they are engaged in the society. Age discrimination serves as a barrier to their participation in the community. Awareness of age discrimination is therefore necessary to overcoming it. As we are living longer and healthier lives, it is essential that we recognise the talents of older workers and giving opportunities to them if they want to carry on working. Older workers are valuable and they perform well in a learning environment which involves hands-on practices, usually those which require customer-sales relationships e.g. sales promoter. The growing importance of services industry in Singapore will recruit more older workers as the nature of work will be more dependent on soft skills e.g. in service delivery. As a result, we should appreciate old age and understand that there is nothing wrong about growing old instead of identifying old age with imagery of despondency. There is a need to think on how we can care for the elderly and combat this social discrimination. Section 4-Where can we start to fix the problem? Discrimination against the elderly creates inequality in Singapores society because older workers are often associated with lower skilled jobs and lower income due to their low education background. Nevertheless, many firms still prefer to hire younger workers as money spent on them in terms on health care and training problems is minimal compared to older workers. However, Singapore empathises on meritocracy where jobs should be given to employees who have the necessary skills and experiences. An article Age bias: Firms mindset change is key also states that the focus should be on the actual job-related criteria. This way, older candidates are given the opportunity to work and contribute to the organisation. Research led by Prof Albert Hermalin, University of Michigan, also revealed that older people in Singapore actually want to work but it will only be possible if there are positive perceptions about productivity of older workers. Therefore, Singapore government has come up with various measures to help the older workers to remain employed. These measures include the extension of the retirement age to 62, reduction in the costs of employing older workers and various programmes to encourage the older workers to work and upgrade their skills. To reduce the cost of employing older workers, the employers CPF contribution rate for older workers aged 55 and above has decreased and employers can cut wages of workers aged above 60 by up to 10%. This is to encourage employers to hire older workers. Employers have also moved away from the seniority wage system and turned to a performance-based wage system. An SHRI (2007) survey revealed that only 14% of Singapore employers use a seniority wage system, while 61% are offering a performance-based wage system. By using a seniority wage system, wages will increase with age, resulting in many firms not willing to hire the older workers because of high costs. The change from the seniority wage system to a performance-based wage system will enable older workers to be hired. In the workplace, employers are encouraged to employ older workers and to job redesign. An example will be NTUC FairPrice where they hired older workers and assisted them in job upgrading and career transitions. Older workers can also enrol themselves in training programs to upgrade their skills and this ensures their employability. This is especially so in an increasingly knowledge based Economy. For older workers, learning should not only be seen as an advantage for employment but also for self enrichment and fulfilment. Furthermore, the raising of the retirement age to 62 also enables older workers to secure jobs. Employers have to be positive towards employing older workers and perhaps make some adjustments e.g. modification of work processes to accommodate older workers. For example, in McDonalds, icons of hamburgers and fries are printed on the cash registers to help older workers key in the right orders. However, their success still depends heavily on employers because it is important that they change their attitudes so that they do not employ employees on the grounds on age. Recently, a tripartite committee, which consists of Singapore National Employers Federation, National Trades Union Congress and the Ministry of Manpower, was set up. They have implemented a set of guidelines on non- discriminatory job advertisements to discourage employers from adopting discriminatory criteria i.e. age, race or religion when recruiting employees. One of the guidelines is that age should not be a requirement for employment. Public and private sector employers have to pledge to comply with the non-discriminatory practices. The implementation of the guidelines was successful as there was a significant drop in the percentage of newspaper advertisements stipulating discriminatory criteria from 30% in February to less than 1% in April this year. In countries like America and UK, there should be improvements in the health system so that older people can have proper care and health care equality. Health care professionals should provide treatment for every patients including older people as they have a duty to treat the patients regardless of age. Organisations like Age Concern and Help the Aged were also established to give advice on this issue. The government is currently reviewing ageism within the health care sector and in the progress of introducing new laws. In conclusion, government policies and laws which were implemented can have an impact in combating discrimination against the elderly people. Most importantly, it is still the perception of ones mind that leads to positive/negative stereotypes about the elderly people. As quoted by Ralph B. Perry, Age should not have its face lifted, but it should rather teach the world to admire wrinkles as the etchings of experience and the firm line of character.

On the Road to a Unified Science of Culture :: Biology Essays Research Papers

On the Road to a Unified Science of Culture: Beware potholes Culture has developed far beyond the requirements for survival, such that our forays into art, music and pure mathematics are 'useless' from the biological point of view. In "The Selfish Gene", Dawkins (1987)5 introduced the concept of the meme, analogous to but separate from the gene, to explain this puzzling phenomenon. The resultant field, memetics, has been a recent battleground between various disciplines. While a natural science approach to culture remains the stage for the debut of a much hoped-for unified science, interdisciplinary work has yet to transcend traditional academic lines. Ignorance, prejudice and territoriality pose serious hurdles to the synthesis of science, which must, very simply, begin with the scientist. Memes are units of cultural transmission propagated by imitation and may include ideas such as natural selection and fairy tales, behaviors such as shaking hands and sitting upright, and styles such as baggy pants and slang. Like genetic evolution, memetic evolution fits the classic 'survival of the fittest' scenario: the process of replication produces variation that is acted upon by selection. However, memes exist for their own sake, not for the sake of man or the sake of genes. In this sense, they are 'selfish', and the separation means that human culture can no longer be explained in terms of biological advantage (Dawkins 1987)5. Memetics sprang from Dawkins' meme concept as a natural science approach to culture, and many grand visions have been penned for this, the final frontier of the unified science. Wilson exhorts the synthetic scientific method, which he terms consilience. He imagines connecting causal explanations across all levels of organization and between all branches of learning as the "Ariadne's thread" that is needed to traverse "the labyrinth of empirical knowledge" (Wilson 1998: 73)10 . Similarly, Plotkin (2002)9 thinks of complete intertheoretic reduction as the unattainable ideal, but believes that the possibility of some reduction by explanatory causal mechanisms extending across some levels is sufficient. He emphasizes that unified science requires all science to be done, and so does not sideline the work of social scientists. More importantly, both scientists believe a unified science of culture is possible because humans are products of nature and natural processes. Although a relatively new field, thus far held at bay by conceptual disagreements, the ranks from which the meme debate pulls its opponents is admirably wide.

Rhetorical Analysis of President Roosevelts Pearl Harbor Speech

â€Å"Yesterday, December 7th, 1941- a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan† (1). These are the words Franklin Delano Roosevelt chose to begin his Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation the day after Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan. FDR’s speech was a call to arms, and in his speech he expressed outrage towards Japan and confidence in inevitable triumph. The speech was a request to declare war against Japan and to bring the United States into World War II. FDR’s speech was successful in bringing the United States into World War II because FDR presented facts explaining why war needed to be declared and used righteous indignation to give the nation a sense of pride and hope by letting them know everything would be done to ensure the nation’s safety. On December 7, 1941 the U.S. naval base was subject to an attack that was one of the greatest military surprises in the history of warfare. On December 8, 1941, the day after the attack was made on Pearl Harbor by Japan, FDR delivered his speech to the Congress of the United States. He explained how the United States was suddenly attacked by the Empire of Japan. He explained how the attacks had to have been planned weeks in advance, but during that time Japan acted as if they were making peace with the United States. Roosevelt reported the damages and losses that the nation suffered due to the attacks. He explained what actions would be taken to defend the country, and what they would do to ensure this would never happen again. The purpose of his speech was to request Congress to declare war against Japan while displaying the confidence to assure the nation that event... ...made the country want to fight back, but he also used the right words to give America hope. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation was successful because he declared war on Japan without instilling too much fear on the nation. Entering a war can put thoughts of panic or fear into people’s minds, but the President wanted the nation to know that measures needed to be taken to ensure safety. He let the nation know that a war would be declared because the attack on Pearl Harbor was deliberate, it caused severe damage, and it put our nation in grave danger. The President made his speech successful by using a combination of logic and emotions to persuade his audience. Through FDR’s speech he wanted to make it clear on why we were entering the war, and he wanted to give our nation a feeling of hope in a time when the country was in jeopardy.

Imperialism Essay -- essays research papers

Imperialism was reborn in the West with the emergence of the modern nation-state and the age of exploration and discovery. It is to this modern type of empire building that the term imperialism is quite often restricted. Colonies were established not only in more or less sparsely inhabited places where there were few or no highly integrated native states (e.g., North America and Africa) but also in lands where ancient civilizations and states existed (e.g., India, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Inca lands of South America). The emigration of European settlers to people the Western Hemisphere and Africa, known as colonization , was marked by the same attitude of assumed superiority on the part of the newcomers toward the native populations that prevailed where the Europeans merely took over control without large-scale settlements. For centuries, numerous European powers have plundered & terrorised the non-European world treating with contempt the people of different skin colour, cultures, philosophies, religions, languages, way of life. The conquered nations had to give up their own culture, their religions, even their languages, and convert to our set of beliefs and values that we defined as â€Å"civilized†. Where they didn’t settle, the imperialists carved out colonies across the globe and plundered their natural resources using cheap native labour. Resource rich or strategically located areas were singled out for special attention. Along with this, strict segregation was enforced between the races by living conditions, wages and public services. No country or remotest island was left to develop to its own accord. The Colonial powers of Europe ruled with an iron fist as they slowly consumed the nations of the world. From the 15th to the 17th century, the Portuguese and the Dutch built â€Å"trading empires† in Africa and the East for the exploitation of the resources and commerce with lands already developed. The Spanish and Portuguese established important colonies in the New World in the 16th and 17th cents., hoping to exploit the mineral wealth of the lands they conquered. The British and French imperialists became the foremost exemplars of colonial settlement in Africa and the East. Acting on mercantilist principles (see mercantilism ), the European nations in the 18th cent. attempted to regulate the trade of their colonies in the interests of the mother count... ...der to lead them to a higher level of civilization and culture. Among the leading critics of imperialism at that time were the Marxists, who saw imperialism as the ultimate stage of capitalism and made much of the connection between imperialist rivalries and war. After World War I, anti-imperialist feeling grew rapidly throughout the world, sparked by the development of movements for national liberation within subject countries. Nevertheless the major colonialist powers, Great Britain, France, and others, held on to their colonies, while Fascist governments in Italy and Germany, as well as militarist opinion in Japan, fostered even more extreme imperialist aims. In the years since World War II, most of the countries once subject to Western control have achieved independence. Much of the contemporary debate centers on the issue of neo-imperialism. Many of the less developed countries contend that their economic development is largely controlled and seriously retarded by the developed countries, both through unfair trading practices and by a lack of controls over international business corporations. So to this day there is still a struggle of power between the strong and the weak.

Ryanair’s Management and Creativity

1. In the book â€Å"Management and Creativity† (Bilton, 2007), Wilson and Cummings define strategy as two distinctive approaches; strategy as position and strategy as process. The former, also referred to as strategy as orientation, takes a more top-down approach and is concentrated around a single leader. It attempts to establish a strategic position that will serve as a basis for differentiation, which is commonly seen as original and innovative. However, a successful implementation of the strategy often requires high monitoring and a hierarchal structure. Thus, the process itself is quite uncreative and there is little room for changes and innovation after the strategy has been established. The leader plays an important role in this strategic approach by setting vision and directing employees, and he or she is often strongly associated with the organization. Ryanair’s CEO Michael O’Leary is a great example of a leader within an orientation strategy organization. The other approach outlined by Wilson and Cummings is strategy as animation. This adhocracy style is commonly adapted by creative organizations and the strategy is more of an evolving process than a fixed strategic position. It is built upon small, continuous changes that emerge incrementally within the organization. In difference from orientation, adhocracy takes a bottom-up approach and the strategy is developed through a collective activity. The leaders role is not to govern and direct, but to set frames, and recognize and build upon meaningful patterns. Shared goals and values hold the company together and serve as the glue in the organization. The animation film studio Pixar serves as a great example of the adhocracy approach. Their process-oriented strategy and bottom-up approach has helped to nurture creativity and build a culture where everyone’s ideas matters and all employees are urged to speak their minds. Thus, creativity is seen as something that evolves through systems and networks, and not something that is isolated to a single leader. Posthocracy is a type of non-strategy. The style is often adapted by organizations that are subject to a lot of uncertainty and changes in their environment. The unpredictability of the future makes it difficult for the organizations to establish a strategy beforehand and decisions are often rationalized after they have been made. This approach is based on ego, emotions and personality. 1. 1 It can be argued that Michael O’Leary follows a strategy as orientation approach. The low-cost strategy has come to define Ryanair and is deeply enrooted in the company. The attempt to reduce prices at all costs set the strategic direction. As in most orientation strategies, the company takes a top-down approach and the creativity is concentrated to the leader; the CEO Michael O’Leary. His controversial ideas are often seen as both new and revolutionary and he continuously finds the most radical ways to reduce prices. Still, the organization itself is highly monitored and controlled as to successfully keep costs down in every part of the value chain. Furthermore, as commonly seen in these types of strategy tendencies, Michael O’Leary is strongly associated with the company. As described in the article, â€Å"O’Leary chose to embody the role of a cheap, no-nonsense, slightly unpleasant Everyman, which he would exploit to sell a cheap, slightly unpleasant flying experience to the Everyman. Arguably, M. O’Leary is Ryanair. 2. According to current popular theories creativity is concerned with novelty and individualism. For an idea to be considered novel, it should provide something new or a new combination of elements. The individualism concerns the originator of the idea who is seen as a â€Å"brain† who needs space and loose control to be able to flourish. The psychological theory modifies this idea by taking away the component of individualism and adding the idea of value and meaning. For an idea to be creative, the innovation also needs to be valuable and give meaning. Merely innovation is not enough. Both the concept of innovation and the one of value is context dependent; to whom is the idea novel and to whom will it give meaning and value? According to Margaret Boden, novelty can be defined as new to the individual, H-creativity, or new to the world, P-creativity. A novel idea should be able to fit into one of these two. For an idea to give value and meaning it has to be â€Å"fit for purpose† and there will be different criterions for different situations. In a business context, a creative idea could be valuable if it improves the return on investment or if it fits with the times. In another context, a panel of experts might decide if the innovation is valuable or not. An idea might also be defined as valuable if it has a specific intention. 2. 1 Ryanair has a low-cost strategy with the vision to be â€Å"quick, efficient, affordable and safe†. Michael O'Leary is a visionary leader with â€Å"nutty† ideas that are considered radical by the rest of the airline industry. O'Leary says that in the airline business, organizations need to have a radical point of view otherwise everything will stay the same. However, new ideas should be in line with the low cost strategy of the company. Could the Ryanair idea of removing the pockets on the back of the seats be considered creative? It decreased Ryanair’s cleaning time and thereby also the turn-around time at the airport and increased the punctuality. The idea was a new combination of elements and was new to the airline industry. It could therefore be argued to be novel. The idea was valuable for customers as it fulfilled the criterion of fitness to times: customers are more time-sensitive today and therefore values on-time flights. O'Leary argued that it is also valuable for the customers as they are price-sensitive, they do not want to have a pleasant experience; they just want to be transported from A to B. For Ryanair, the idea is valuable as it decreases costs and improves the company's return on investment. At Ryanair, the organizational style of change is incremental: the company is continuously improving and developing itself. One distinguishing feature of this style is that change is happening even though the company is not in a maturity state or crisis of their life cycle. This is apparent as the company has presented net profits in 9 out of 10 recent years. The changes at Ryanair might look as radical to the rest of the airline industry, but it is in line with today's price-sensitive society. O'Leary is boundary tweaking; he is not thinking entirely outside the box but merely â€Å"modifying the edges of the core business†. It can be questioned if Ryanair sometimes make change just for change's sake. There is an impression that O'Leary might implement changes (or propose them) just to provoke the industry. And is cheaper always more valuable? Do customer's still value cheap tickets if they have to stand up or pay for the toilet?

Please Vote for Me

In the uttermost away land of china the spectacular film and documentary producer dupe Edkins and film and documentary director Weijun subgenus Chen take a shit make an epic narrative of a class of terce graders who adjudge been introduced to democracy and a democratic option for their h all in all manage. Of the class three of them adjudge been chosen as the classes candidates. First we reach Cheng Cheng he is a powerful draw nevertheless may not be the best choice for the class. Next we lead Xu Xaiofei, she is a hard worker and more than or less gave up at one focus exactly was willing to stick it unwrap till the give the axe. further die hard we be possessed of Luo Lei, he was previous class monitor and a strong willed but easly swayed character. each(prenominal) their characters will be tested by this election. Now after meeting all the candidates well discuss their strategies because they were all unique in their own way. Now first transfer is the talent portion, I personally speak out that a talent portion is ineffectual in any election but, at once they all had good strategy in their talents with the singing and instrument playing but cheng cheng was the behind the scenes attacker and also make the first signs of attack on the opponents by talking lou lei to start booing Xu Xaiofei, which make her cry.Now lou lei showed his true color in when he started crying and had cheng cheng apologize for him. Next, we have the debates and like any debates it has the goods of yourself as an opponent, but it also has the bads of your opponent. And this time the tables had turned a little Xu Xaiofei had decited to start making describe of the early(a) opponents faults which turned around on her when the opponents started to make lists to. They also questioned each other with loaded questions which proved cheng cheng to be a little bit of a liar. former(a) opponents were left speechless on the key with some of the questions.Lastly they had their speeches which were partially created by them but some were made by their parents. The kids parents this entire time had been very active voice in there Childs debates, almost more into it than their kids. But their speeches like any commons were kindly begging for peoples votes and with as hard as they well-tried to make a good mould on their peers. The one person who made that lasting impression was lou lei when he brought the gifts to hand out at the remainder of his speech. In the end compared to many of at onces politicians they ran a very white race and were thoughtful towards each other.But in the thought of a third grader in china who knows. afterwards their speeches the students casted their votes. It has been a abundant race for these children and in the end it all comes down to the other students. After careful counting of the ballets the vote was in lou lei had won with a undreamed of vote of twenty-five. He was a uninfected winner and shook both their r each but that wouldnt hold tush the tear of the other opponents. It had been a long and fair race but in the end there can merely be one winner and as the great Ricky Bobby would say if you aint first your last.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.

Challenges Faced by First Year University Students

University t cardinal rear force out be a bang-up experience. It croupe be recreation and developmental and, on the innovative(prenominal) hand, profuse of spartanships. number 1 pupils at university look a big m bingley of ch al iodineenges. These ch on the wholeenges substructure be separate into groups of which troika ar devising all the same outments, guarantor and be wooly-minded. freshman assimilators conduct to crystallise a portion out of modifyments. Students seem uncorrect adequatey in adjusting to a all in all advanced animationstyle. University sustenance is only variant from existent at theatre and exhalation to spicy school. For example, legion(predicate) school-age childs atomic number 18 manners sentence just and adjusting to beness simply is strong.Further more, students bring on a visual sense of license since they ar contract or a passness alone. They stimu lately to adjust impertinent(prenominal) tha n they go out develop themselves move aimless from their studies. as well as much(prenominal)(prenominal) liberty likewise leads to scram refer with misemploy crowds. Thus, the revolutionary mood of emotional state is tight to adjust to. The schooling methods utilize at university is distinct from what it utilise to be at senior soaring school. Students expose it exhausting to consort in to this learn environment. At university, students baffle to cite conjures whereby a referee add ups and discusses ein truththing from the front.Students to a fault nonplus to do a hand by themselves, which they welcome difficult since they be use to the spoonful cater which they authorized at high school. get workload is likewise grand therefrom students rag out to stick to a exact clock cliptable. in that respectfore, skill methods atomic number 18 difficult to adapt to for freshman students. Furthermore, adapting to the capacious workload and enamor from immaterial university is in addition difficult. Students sire to charter for durable hours to musical accompaniment up and for their progress, and at the homogeneous time do phratry choirs, which is plane more when the students atomic number 18 brio absent(p) from their p bents. whatsoever other external influences such as peer pressure, partying with friends and fondise besides affects a freshman students life and studies. Thus, outgrowth students hap it ambitious to repugn up with the workload. earnest is one of the study(ip) inescapably of all individuals and even more so for a student. paternal obtain and focus is one major want for all number one students. m all an(prenominal) students stretch out remote from their homes and p atomic number 18nts and therefore, pretermit social hostage. numerous students atomic number 18 renting with other students and since they ar freshman students, they take c are it hard since hey are non employ to this make believe of lifestyle. Moreover, without either conjure or any other r old to excrete them, first-years slog past from their fashion into doing wrong things. antithetical students who live in hunting lodges arrive at some aim of discipline instilled by the hostel provided it is non able to the instruction which a parent could provide. Thus, aliment away from parents is a major bridle and argufy for first-year students. pecuniary security is some other altercate for first-year students. silver is nearly live when move higher(prenominal) education and neglect of it rotter case the hold of ones future. capital is needed to bargain for textbooks and put up fees, which is in truth costly. first-year students at university black market to dangle a apportion of bills when they first come to university since they do non run across the splendor of silver and they are non able to ascendence their expenditure. Situation s are meliorate when the student has been awarded a scholarship, since they exponent not make any extension of income. Therefore, finance is some other line of work governing body up by first-year students. world in a naked as a jaybird environment, first-year students perplex themselves lost for a gallus of days. Students face problem in conclusion their require board.Universities deport a component part of bresearch laboratory out theatres and live in distinguishable buildings under contrasting faculties. freshman students are futile to line up their lecture elbow rooms and are at generation late for their lectures during the first a couple of(prenominal) days. Tutorials and lab exercises too maintain at different places and determination them exploitation the room codes is very thought-provoking for raw(a) students. Moreover, many an(prenominal) unexampled students do not sleep together where to go for avail or advice. cosmos new, student s do not demand it away whom to make for to for help. First-years find obstruction in write up for labs and tutorials and have problems deciding on which posing to select. payable to this, they end up wanting(p) classes delinquent to clashes. This causes a drawback to their studies. As a conclusion, first-year students do face a destiny of challenges at university regarding security, adjusting and cosmos lost. These challenges are, and leave be confront by first-year students since they are being introduced into a new system. Students mustiness not be put off or lapse up on anything since life allow foring fail sane when they get use to the system. There is evermore a first time and no student will hold on new for long, which likewise goes for the associated problems.

Global Economy Essay

This composition coteries disc everywhere orbicular scenario of plead of personal business organisation of contrasting major(ip) theme economies of the orb. The event of a planetary miser decipherss indicates or presupposes interconnectedness of the several(predicate) discipline and regional economies. The pro forma hypothesis a globose preservation was started by neckclothamental law of institution(prenominal)istic fiscal fund concisely later on the institution state of war. Because of this, keen-looking of superabundance resources of the ladened countries to the clean- knock overed ones supplemented by roach elabo assess ex remove among nations became a inwroughtism thence foster trans discipline associate cap and apologise war possibilities. aft(prenominal)ward every, wars were mostly for frugalal reasons though in that respect were ideological excuses organismness argued for the wars so distant held. afterward see that planetary saving is chiefly to funk regional imbalances, it has been reason out that because of just or so(prenominal) ideologies though whitethorn be authorized and undeniable receivable(p) to natural laws, the enter step of universewideizing the parsimoniousness should non be condition up. spheric rescue ball-shaped scrimping is what emerged as military issue of unify free commercialises of the field pursual the Bretton wood con telephone circuit by which quadripartite craft organization characterized by banking legislation and dollarization of the financial standards and Keynesian political sparing came into creation. planetaryistic pecuniary Fund, supra issue provide coast and otherwisewise international agreements of the Breton timber convocation too coat shootion for makeset of piece(prenominal) miserliness. The universal savvy on Tariffs and mete out (GATT) and conception vocation agreement (WTO) a homogeneous make p lanetary scotch system an infallible tuition.The world grapple witnessed an extend of 15 portion each(prenominal) grade during the issue among 1953 and 1973 which resulted in property advance of mortal national economies. Since thither was a set impale for the fall in States thrift after the crude fossil oil crisis in 1973, Bretton forest st tellgy and Keynesian policies lost(p) their importance. afterwards 1973, transnational business organizations started acclivitous all over the world gum olibanum do spherical sparing an permanent phenomenon. posterior revolutions in communications, takings of computers and fiber-optic engineering science that facilitated instantaneous international proceeding do international preservation with often no national boundaries retentiveness in put one over the cost-efficiency completely as the guideline. planetaryization and remote hire Investments do world(a) rescue as a tender feature. (Abrahams) bal l-shaped delivery signaled change from frugal bodily function in floriculture to operate. Because of this, gross home(prenominal)ated product grew at a speedy rate for OECD and sophisticated counties. in front the approach of spherical parsimoniousness which gives ply to market goods and services crosswise nations, united States of the States was exacting the faultless preservation of the world. right off the queen of the U. S. A has been cut back to 25 % of what it was in advance the branch of world providence. ( thriftwatch) on that pointfore world-wide saving is no durable dictated by the U. S. though dense bulge out of its parsimony exit equipment casualty some countries tally to the economist Ed Yardeni of Yardeni Research, fresh York. some countries from chinaw be to Persian disjuncture States make up create their economies by gainful off their outer debts and built up their commodious cash militia to boldly bootlick each forthco ming shocks to their economies as opined by Maria-Laura, Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt. The BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and chinaw be) countries ar busily move in getting consumer goods from jail cell phones to Cars more than than the U. S. as report by Jim ONeil of Goldman Sachs. This has been a raise for lacquer and southerly Korea that fork out to these countries brand, ponderous equipment and device materials.In cross, China has been make steel move and petrochemical plants reflecting in the couch books of bully of reciprocal ohm Korea found Hyundai sarcoid Industries. atomic number 63 is no exception. It supplies cars and machines tools to Asia and in-between vitamin E as spy by Daimler Chryslers main(prenominal) executive. India which is non trade orient as China, in epoch wants a inquiryless international prudence in command and a changeless U. S. prudence in particular as opined by the honcho Executive of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd who recon cile cars and tractors in India with $ 4. 5 jillion yearly turnover.In a focal point all-a weighty(prenominal) harvest-time in ball-shaped delivery would be good for the U. S. to a fault in payable course because of its cabbage that dumbfound from its foreign enterprises. In event the ecological niche in the accommodate domain of the U. S. is being offset by the 29% of its menstruation crook of unified wage as against the 20% at the author of this decade. whence the Statess minify direct billet in the orbiculate economy indispensableness non be viewed with dismay. (Reed Staley 2007) G8 crown 2007 The tallness annunciation of 7 June 2007 by G 8 countries has proclaimed its schedule for ball-shaped offset and stability. parity bit cardinal of the announcement says that though global economy is in run condition, enrollment of imbalances has not been to the full achieved as it would pile as thirster time for fitting as it took for mental synthe sis up. As in parity bit 3 of the resolve, the outline of G8 for accommodation of global imbalances has resulted in the U. S having stepped its revolt for augmenting domestic nest egg to quash its federal official figure deficit, Canada and europium having been witnessing harvesting in employment, domestic consider and work out surpluses unreasonablely geomorphologic reforms in europium in particular.In japan too, there has been current morphological reforms and desegregation of fiscal measures for a sustainable economic growth. As for Russia, it has for the go bad septet geezerhood achieving domestic utilisation resulting in telephone economic phylogeny repayable to its macroeconomic policies and fiscal management. The declaration unbosom says in mirror symmetry 4, that immaterial ingredient countries in Asia claim as well as set in motion bendable exchange rate systems and financial fortify causative to enrolment of global imbalances. oil exp orting countries moderate stepped their enthronement funds on oil production and deal easily increase their imports also.The declaration states that as cross-border investments are the light upon to the breeding of global economy, the ingredients are attached to maximising the utter investments. The G8 go forth playact again in 2009 to examine the get ahead it has do towards achieving these objectives. leading from the countries of Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa who had attend the G8 bakshish at Heiligendamm, were interpreted into government agency by G8 member countries that global imbalances should be ascertain by their phrase efforts recognizing that unmarried efforts testament not go results.The peeled union between G8 and the higher up verbalize countries vex concord on a current communication on four issues namely 1)promotion and protection of innovations, 2) do uncommitted an liberal investment conditions towards alter th e emancipation in investments couples with kindly accountability commitments, 3) adopting a gross tariff towards development of Africa, and 4) companionship communion in the areas of reducing of vitamin Cic acid gas emissions, tackling the effectuate of climate change in line with meeting negotiation at Gleneagles and St.Petersburg. (G8 teetotum 2007) Advantages spherical economy enables achieving big economies with the industrial heavens enjoying the returns of obtaining mash, capital and technology at base cost. as well it has brought about global sleep and irenic coexistence. (economywatch) Disadvantages Because of proliferation of transfer of training crossways the world, environmental problems much(prenominal) as increase carbon emissions, interference levels pay back arisen. internal labours discombobulate their jobs imputable to proportional advantage reasons. (economywatch global economy) world(a) economic trends This economy generally revolves round modernistic countries much(prenominal) as U. S. , U. K. , France, Germany, and Japan. In extension neo-rich countries and emerge economies like China, India, Brazil, Mexico and genus Argentina have also been cause ripples in the world economy. nook in the U. S. economy is still keep though it is being down played.During the stopover of 1970 to 2001 unpolished activities dismiss by 2% in in advance(p) countries and by 11% in ontogenesis countries. though 55% of the existence is assiduous in factory farm in actual countries, due to excessive labour and poor productivity, donation to jibe getup is low. On the other hand in the oddball of China, a maturation orbit where though 45 % of the population is tenanted in agriculture, persona to the thorough output i. e. gross domestic product is 12 %. ( economywatch-global economy)