Business Leadership Essay

3. Introduction Leadership has long been a major field of interest among the organization and businesses in the world. It is an issue that affects us all, be in the corporate world or at home. Not only we influenced and affected by it, we are also called upon to exercise it. Whether we are involved in leading government or business, guiding young minds or leading a family, everyone has a leadership role to play. Morse and Buss (2007) defines leadership as a process of influence where a person or group influences others to work towards a common goal. Good leaders inspire others to do their best. They help others to work together to accomplish their goals. Leadership is also about being a good role model. According to Stashevsky and Burke (2006) leadership is about coping with change. Leaders set up direction by developing a vision of the future, aligning others by communication the vision and inspiring their people to overcome problems. According to McKinney (2000), American newspaper commentator Wal ter Lippmann defined leaders as â€Å"the custodians of a nation’s ideals, the beliefs it cherishes, of its permanent hopes, of the faith which makes a nation out of a mere aggregation of individuals.† In other words, leaders have the ability to affect human behavior to accomplish a mission or to achieve a specific goal. Leadership is subjected to close research from the theoretical and practical viewpoints. In the early days, leadership theories mainly focused on the characteristics or behaviors of successful leaders. Today, leadership theories have expanded to consider the role of the followers and contextual natural of leadership. Adair (2003, page 7-38) described a leader as a person (with leadership qualities) who has the appropriate knowledge and skill to lead a group to achieve their goals and objectives willingly. However, personality and character cannot be left out of the leadership. Their personal qualities, their reaction to the demands of the situation, or a combination of these, attract followers to their leadership style. An individual who is appointed to a leadership position (manager), must possess adequate personal attitude and skills to lead the team. They need to continuously improve their attitude, skills and knowledge to achieve higher levels of excellence. According to Coate (2007, p.304) leaders and managers need to see beyond the next quarterly returns or the immediate production deadline. They need to look at the big pictures, peep into the future, and set the organization’s mission and vision firmly in place. An effective leader is a good planner, instructor and organizer. Leader needs to be good at evaluating performance, judging people (customers or crews) and to be able to foresee the outcome of an action (or inaction). The visionary leader leads the team to stay focused on their targets and objectives. Leaders can push a team to achieve things they didn’t know were possible. Visionary leadership is an indispensable guide leaders at all levels, from top executives to head of divisions and departments, from large corporations to small business, from manufacturing and service organizations to government and non-profit institutions (Bass, 1995). Leadership style models help to achieve effective leaders which include the involvement of the employees in discussions with their supervisors from time to time and decision making. The leadership style will have great impact on others. Effective leaders provide motivation, inspiration and are well connected with their team members. Effective leadership style will bring proper accomplishment of goals and objectives. It also helps to understand human behaviour in wider perspective and helps in developing positive self-awareness. They providing mentorship and guidance, and rallying the team to achieve bigger and better things. Motivation is another important aspect of good leadership (Curry, 1998). Motivation can improve morale and productivity, resulting in overall improvement in efficiency and team productivity. Every organization needs leaders at every level. Leadership in business is important because it is about building teams and communicating so that everyone works to crate synergy. This is a key ingredient to successful businesses and championship teams. Although thousands of research studies have been conducted to prove which leadership style is best applicable in the organization, but still there are no conclusions. The â€Å"best† leadership seems to occur when the leaders’ style matches to the actual situation. Each of the leadership styles can be effective in the right situation. The most effective leadership styles depend on the interaction among people, characteristics of the situation, and the leader (manager) personality. 4. The analysis of Steve Jobs personality and leadership with leadership theories Steve Jobs, Apple’s CEO and the man who almost single handed-ly made Apple one of the key players in advance technologies. I disagree that Steve Jobs’ leadership style does not match the theories of leadership. Although he had his fair share of unconventional ways, Steve did indeed practice numerous leadership styles that are aligned to theories presented in textbooks and business journals. In fact, there is a general consensus that Steve Jobs is a wilful and driven leader and he is the leader of one of the most outstanding companies in the history of business. Visionary and Transformational Leadership Steve Jobs once said â€Å"I want to put a ding in the universe.†-Steve Jobs (Kahney, 2011. p.150). This statement gives us some insight into his leadership characteristics and the focus on ideation that led Apple to where it is today under his leadership. Indeed, Steve was driven by passion and a powerful vision. Steve’s visionary leadership articulate his people with great inspiration, thus transforming it in same way. The strength of Steve’s vision and passion, coupled with innovation culture that was already in place made the generation of group passion, and eventually the task, and ultimately the sale, much easier (Sander, 2012 p.52). He was able to combine his great ideas with his strong perception of consumer desires, marketing strategy and management skills. Steve had planned for the products; he provided the visions, the tools and the solid working environment for his people. He transmitted energy to his people, giving them a new sense of confidence in a chieving the vision. He was a follower of Zen (Sander, 2012), honed by Zen’s training and ideology. Focus was ingrained in Steve’s personality. A leader needs to love what he or she does (Graves, 2011). Steve focuses his attention on his products, believes in his ideas and never gives in to failure. These are perhaps the keys to his success as a transformational leader. Cherry (2012) defined transformational leadership as a type of leadership style that leaders to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic, visionary and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process; they are also focused on helping every member of the group succeed. Steve Jobs has created the whole culture within his company, a culture that pursues innovation, devotion to creating great â€Å"killer† products, motivation and promotion of self-interest among his people, marketing vision and concentration on quality. Transformational leaders encourages promotes values, belief, and sense of responsibilities (Bass & Ringgio, 2006). Steve Jobs has all the necessary at tributes to be considered on. In 1997, Steve returned to Apple when the company was in the crisis. He took the reins and made sweeping changes, re-structuring and resizing the organization. He reviewed the situation and concluded that a small team of talents is more useful and productive than crowds of less talented people. From there, he delegated and gave full support to the team. One of the recurring themes was Jobs’ â€Å"reality distortion field,† his ability to convince those around him that his version of reality was true, his ability to impose his will upon others in a way that made the seemingly impossible become possible. Jobs felt that if he could make Apple’s products attractive, stylish and appealing, people would ultimately flock to them. Jobs was convinces that he knew the best, eschewing market research in lieu of the belief that consumers would want what he tells them to want, insisting on a closed system of end –to-end control by Apple because he didn’t want outsiders screwing up what he was creating. â€Å"The more you saw him as having mystique, the more it went hand in hand with him being a visionary.† (Dailey, 2011) Steve Jobs’ carefully constructed web secrecy, peppered with some hints of vulnerability and accessibility-he was famous for answering customer emails-only added to the looming legend that grew with each Apple innovation. Jobs had received numbers of honors and recognition for his influence in the mobile technology and music industries. He has widely been referred as visionary leader. Charismatic Leadership Steve Jobs also classified as charismatic and visionary leader. Charismatic leadership results when a leader uses the force of personal abilities and talents to create profound and extraordinary effect on followers (Nelson, 2012). Many people who worked for Jobs experienced burnout and describes him as an intimidators, but on hindsight they appreciate and relish the experience. Research shows that people who work for the intimidator (Steve Jobs) were often find the experience â€Å"profoundly educational, even transformational.† (Kahney, 2011 p.172) Steve often insists on things that are seemingly impossible. He believes that eventually even the thorniest problem is solvable. He works people hard and heaps on stress. But, the end result is usually a great piece of work. He believes in his decisions for the company; and his self-confidence led him to success. True leaders are always looking over the horizon for the next opportunity. It is this quest that keeps them going and so metimes they find their true mission along the way, as Steve did (Elliot & Simon, 2011). Innovative Leadership Sander (2012) defined innovation in a way that made sense to Steve Jobs â€Å"Innovation is an invention with customer and a marketable vision in mind† Innovation is to introduce something new. A combination of two processes: generating new ideas and implementation the new idea. Innovation calls for good leadership and management at all levels of the organization. Good leaders will stimulate their team to be more ‘hands on’ and to have greater interest in their work, which in turn, leads to the generation of more great ideas (Adair and Thomas, 2004). An innovative leader faces two key challenges. Firstly, to strike the right balance between running the current business and growing the new business. Secondly, in sensing untapped market needs and choosing a promising area to purse (Deschamps, 2008). In Steve’s innovation model has six important components: Customer, Vision, Culture, Product, Message and Brand (Sander, 2012). Steve Jobs inspired his people, he is deeply involved at almost every level with almost every critical projects. He injects energy and guides his people towards developing a solution. His deep involvement makes them feel important and as a result, eager to beat expectation. â€Å"There’s not an ounce of democracy at Apple. That’s what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. It’s Steve’s company — pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs’ authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style — fire and forced at will â⠂¬â€ to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that â€Å"His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness,† and â€Å"He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed.† As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. â€Å"One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way,† (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. â€Å"There’s not an ounce of democracy at Apple. That’s what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. It’s Steve’s company — pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs’ authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style — fire and forced at will — to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that â€Å"His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness,† and â€Å"He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed.â €  As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. â€Å"One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way,† (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. â€Å"There’s not an ounce of democracy at Apple. That’s what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. It’s Steve’s company — pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs’ authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style — fire and forced at will — to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that â€Å"His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness,† and â€Å"He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed.â €  As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. â€Å"One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way,† (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. â€Å"There’s not an ounce of democracy at Apple. That’s what makes it a paragon of such traditional corporate values as top-down leadership, sharply hierarchical organisation and centralised control. It’s Steve’s company — pursuing his vision, at his pace, with his team, making his products. Without Steve Jobs’ authoritarian leadership, Apple would be just another Silicon Valley outfit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Chaudhury, 2012). When Steve return to Apple, he was described as practising tyrannical leadership style — fire and forced at will — to ensure that his employees delivered products that consumers lusted for, in an ever-evolving digital world. It certainly worked. Steve is the follower of Zen. Maslin (2001) researched that â€Å"His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness,† and â€Å"He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed.† As an autocratic leader, Steve Jobs is forceful and demands nothing less than total control. He makes the decisions, announces them and expecting others to carry them out without a question. â€Å"One of the things that Mr Jobs did, which was very unlike anyone else, was he did it his way,† (Dailey, 2011). Steve Jobs choose to lead his team from the front, spearheading the innovation and constantly renewed products of the company. The autocratic nature of his leadership also bears some transactional traits, such as using verbal lashings at employees (Lin, 2011). In meetings, Jobs was infamous for creating an atmosphere of fear. He had been described by some as being harsh, petulant and even boorish at times. Although it was not easy working for Jobs, those who can weather it tend to be loyal (Kahney, 2011. p.108). Steve gained respect from both inside and outside the company by maintaining his focus despite his fame and fortune. He was certainly one of the most influential business leaders of his time. In reality, Steve truly appreciates and cherishes his people. Free products are the norm, with every employee receiving an iPhone at the product’s launch. According to Elliot and Simon (2011, p.73-83), the most memorable example is Steve’s decision that the signature of the original engineer would be etched on the inside of the cases of Macs. Such rewards created much staff satisfaction and motivation, as they felt that they are part of the product. People become more connected to their work. Indeed, he finds ways to assure his employees that he appreciates their contribution and that they are essential to the product’s success. Steve Jobs’ leadership style was complex. He was intensely focused when committed, confident to take risky leaps, and charismatic enough to enlist corps of employees and customers in the incessant pursuit of his aspirations. Steve was firm when he stepped back into Apple and began his drastic reorganization. He was clear and knew what had to be done. He is passionate of what he did, believing that he is pursuing a higher cause in the processes. The result is an Apple culture that borders brand fanaticism and radical customer devotion. Although Jobs was highly criticized for his autocratic leadership style, he has successfully revolutionized the Apple Company. 5. Steve Jobs’ leadership style within contemporary leader Steve Jobs will likely be remembered as one of the most successful and iconic leaders of the last half century. He is admired for his vision, innovation and passion on products yet often hated for his autocratic and intimidating leadership style. In comparison, William (Bill) H. Gates III, co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation has also been described as one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world. Despite their similar ambitions in the technology and business arena, they have very different personality and leadership style. The competition and rivalry between Gates and Jobs has become one of the most enduring and fascinating subject in the American business industry. Both of them had important impacts on the world. Both young men were born in the same year (1955), they set out from the same beginning point, but with radically different personalities. Both dropped out of college and launched their own businesses. Apple ushered in the era of personal mobile computing in many respects. Microsoft’s had made it possible for a generation of computer scientists to learn and thrive. Apple has perfected the art of delivering fantastic consumer products. Microsoft has worked diligently to make the enterprise more efficient. It is impossible to deny each corporation’s contribution. Each has his own unique strengths. Nevertheless, both are well-known and idolized by many. Comparing their business philosophy, Microsoft’s â€Å"A computer on every desk in every house, running Microsoft software† (Livingston, 1994) is concerned about running their software in every computer. Apple’s â€Å"Make computers accessible to everyone and make it easy to use† (Gruman, 2011) is more about making their computers easy to use and easily accessible to everyone. â€Å"He was every bit as intense, believed in revoluti onary way of using computers. But not in engineer approach, (but rather) a design approach, and that had huge strength, particularly the last where he ran Apple. He was able to do incredible work.† (Parrish, 2012) Steve Jobs was more intuitive and had a greater instinct to make â€Å"impossible† happen and design delightful. He had passion for perfection, which make him demanding. In Steve Jobs organization, there are only two categories, thought: If you weren’t brilliant, you were that other thing, a bozo. But with Steve, no matter how brilliant he knew you were, one remark that didn’t, by his standard, measure up, and he’d immediately label you a bozo. Even in front of other people (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve Jobs relies on forcing to resolve conflict such as in questions about design issues (DuBrin, 2008). According to Kahney (2011), Steve is forceful, intimidating, brutal, and ruthless, and tyrants were words used to describe Steve’s autocratic leadership style. He was obsessively controlling, throwing tantrums and yelling at employees and board members. â€Å"A bunch of amateurs† or â⠂¬Å"well, you’re a bunch of idiots.† (Kahney, 2011) He could tear down someone’s ideas or the person in public if they not able to achieve what he wanted. Bill is known to project a more democratic leadership style. Although he does not address anyone by name, hand out praise or stroke any egos, he does listens intently and has his temper mostly in check. He is good in computer technology knowledge and coding. His thinks more practically. His mind is more practical, disciplines and abundant in analytic processing power. Even when he disagreed with a staff’s analysis of certain issue, his response was â€Å"Educate me on that†. After a minute or so, he cuts off the discussion by saying, â€Å"Send me the specs† (Isaacson, 1997). In Apple, there is much secrecy in corporate decision making, which often led to sudden and unanticipated changes. According to Elliot and Simon (2011), Steve will gather the people in separate teams, kept isolated from the distractions and interferences of the rest of the company. Each team knew only of the parts they need to create, without any discussion or knowledge of the big picture. In contrast, Gates spends much of his time communicating with his team and consulting his IT specialist about how new products can be woven into industry standard products. He involved his subordinate in decision making. Bill Gates’ democratic leadership style is a reflection of his more practical and disciplined mind set (Isaacson, 1997). Under Gates’ leadership, Microsoft Corporation flourished, consistently landing in Fortune’s â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For† (Lussier, 2008). Both leaders are practising different leadership style: Democratic and Autocratic. The leadership styles are extreme, whereas in practice the behaviour of many, perhaps most, leaders in business will be somewhere between the two. Jobs and Gates believe in recruiting and retaining the best talents. However, Apple does not offer relevant formal training or development opportunities for its employees. Rather, employees are expected to gain new knowledge on their own (Muller, 2010). One of the Steve’s principal is to hire the best-â€Å"A-people† (Elliot and Simon, 2011). Steve wants only real talent people in the company. There are no training or knowledge sharing in projects or pr oducts. He expects excellent ideas and results from his people. In Microsoft, on the other hand, believes in staff training and development. â€Å"We’ve had technology a long time. We had some very sophisticated staff members. What Gates really allowed us to do is to roll it out further to more locations and people and give our staff the training and support to make that happen. (Greiner, 2003) They believe training is the most basic and sometimes most overlooked from knowledge sharing that need to go in a company. Despite the past decade of U.S. economic stagnation, Apple have grown continuously, and the stock price has advanced to the point where Apple is now the world’s most valuable firm, with a market cap of $391 billion, followed by Exxon-Mobil ($380 billion), IBM ($230 billion), and Microsoft ($228 billion) (Salsman, 2011). Steve Jobs had owned the wealthy company. Nevertheless, Steve Jobs is not known to be a philanthropist. Neither is he active in the charity work as compare to Bill Gates. Steve only concentrated on his products and company. He only public face his visions and products. He does not have the sense of â€Å"giving back† to the community. As a charity leader, Bill Gates frequently encourages his staff to contribute to charity, both in terms of money and time. Giving is large part of Microsoft’s corporate culture. Bill Gates and his wife started The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; take up issues such as poverty, famine, and disease around the world (Lesinski, 2009). This foundation focus on finding cures of diseases which are common in poor nations, also global development in farming and education. Bill Gates’ contribution to the community is a reflection of his character and moral. Bill Gates has shown a good example that other leaders should practice and imitate his humanity towards other nations who need helps. Steve Jobs is respected for his products, but Bill Gates is respected for both his products and philanthropic leadership. A well-rounded organization is not unlike a well-rounded individual, they should balance the prio rity of work, family, charity and personal interest (Brown, 2006). Gates’ visionary leadership style did not stop at product creation but extended to the creation of a dynasty. Microsoft has sales offices in nearly 60 countries and an international staff of 6200. Almost all of the employees are natives of the country in which they work. It is estimated that each overseas employees generates more than $1million in annual revenues. Gates tries to make certain that his foreign partners are in charge and that they share in the wealth (Lowe and Gates, 1998 p.74). He had acquired great wealth, something which he gladly shared with stockholders and employees. From his caring nature, Bill Gates had created â€Å"Microsoft Millionaires† from his programmers, managers and even secretaries. Gates’ vision of wealthy sharing has resulted in lifestyle improvement for every level of his employees. Although, Apple staff are well paid, their rewards for success are vastly and nowhere near that of Microsoft’s. According to Yourdon (2004), Steve commented that Macintosh projects â€Å"The journey is the reward.† Rewards in Apple are different. Steve allowed each designer to personally sign a placard that was reproduced and placed inside each Mac case (Sander, 2012). Rewards are nice and this is the way Steve reward and recognize his people. As a charismatic and autocratic leader, Steve’s vision ended at creating the most iconic and desired technological products in history, building the most valuable and renowned brand of his time. There is no doubt that Steve’s influence and vision will live on in the products and company he created. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are the visionary leader who always think creatively and have great insight to expect the future, which eventually transform the IT technology and changed the world greatly. 6. Conclusion The purpose of this paper is to discuss of the relevant leadership idea and to explore the leadership styles and to explore the Steve Jobs’s leadership approach. Considering his influence and success at Apple, it is clear that a study of his leadership can provide valuable lessons for current and aspiring leaders. Steve has often been names one of the most prominent leaders in the US business circles. Despite his early demise, Steve Jobs has and is still touching the lives of people all around the world today. His life makes an amazing story because despite all the hardships he faced and against all odds he achieved what he said he set out to achieve: become a millionaire. He had dream and he would not stop until it was lived out. Despite the fact that Steve’s leadership style is sometimes considered overly authoritative and that his company as being too personality-centered, he was able to achieve unprecedented success. Some of his styles and principals can be considered universal and applicable to other business, but others should be applied with caution or adapted to the actual business situation. This brings to mind, one of the essential characteristics of the true leader-to be able to adopt and adapt as well as to accept differing opinion. There is much that we can learn from Steve-his passion, focus and influential nature. Influence does not stem from a set of management rules and techniques. Leaders who are passionate about their work, who are able to focus on things that matter most, and exercise unwavering resolve in their decision tend to have a greater influence on people around them. Only with such influence, can a leader create positive impact on their followers, their organization and even on themselves. 7. Reference : Adair, John (2003) Concise Adair on Leadership. Olympia Elibrary (Online) Available at : http://library.olympia.edu.my:2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10071301&p00=good%20leader (Accessed : 21 May 2012). Adair, John and Thomas, Neil (2004) Concise Adair on Creativity and Innovation. London, GBR: Thorogood Publishing. Bass, Bernard M and Riggio, Ronald E (2008) Transformational Leadership, 2ndEdition. United States: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Bass, Jossey (1995) Visionary Leadership: creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. 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Google Book (Online) http://books.google.com.my/books?id=p0AIEuN6kg0C&pg=PA30&dq=bill+gates+leadership&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hIHdT-XKCc-HrAew-omzDQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=bill%20gates%20leadership&f=false (Accessed: 17 June 2012) Maslin, Janet (2011) Books Of Times: Making the iBio for Apple’s Genius. Available at:

Effects of Punishment

Punishment and sentencing are an integral part of our criminal justice system. There are four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. There are some factors that that can affect how a wrongdoer is punished. There is a debate surrounding capital punishment with very distinct viewpoints. These topics will be covered in this paper. Purpose of Sentencing There are four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Retribution is the oldest and most common justification for punishing someone. In a system of justice that favors retribution, a wrongdoer who has freely chosen to violate society’s rules must be punished for the infraction. Retribution relies on the principle of just deserts, which holds that the severity of the punishment must be in proportion to the severity of the crime. This is not the same as revenge because retribution is more concerned with the needs of society as a whole instead of just the victim or victims. Deterrence seeks to punish wrongdoers and to prevent future crimes by â€Å"setting an example. By setting an example society is sending a message to potential criminals that certain actions will not be tolerated. There are two forms of deterrence: general and specific. The basic idea of general deterrence is that by punishing one person, others will be dissuaded from committing a similar crime. Specific deterrence assumes that an individual, after being punished once for a certain act, will be less likely to repeat that act because she or he does not want to be punished again. Incapacitation is another strategy for preventing crime. Incapacitation is the detention of wrongdoers in prison, preventing the offender from committing any future crimes. The final philosophy is rehabilitation. The philosophy of rehabilitation is that society is best served when wrongdoers are not simply punished, but provided the resources needed to eliminate criminality from their behavioral patterns. Factors of Sentencing The sentencing ritual strongly lends itself to the concept of individualized justice. There are two factors that most judges consider before sentencing a wrongdoer, the seriousness of the crime and if there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The Seriousness of the Crime is the primary factor in a judge’s sentencing decision. The more serious the crime is, the harsher the punishment. Every judge has their own method of determining the seriousness of an offense. Most judges will simply consider the â€Å"conviction offense†; that’s where they base the sentence on the crime for which the defendant was convicted. Other judges focus on the â€Å"real offense† in determining the punishment for a wrongdoer. The â€Å"real offense† is based on the actual behavior of the defendant, regardless of the official conviction. Many prosecutors and defense attorneys are opposed to â€Å"real offense† procedures because they can render a plea bargain meaningless. Mitigating and aggravating circumstances are circumstances surrounding a crime that may prompt a judge to adjust the sentence so that it more accurately reflects the totality of the crime. Mitigating circumstances are circumstances that may justify a lighter sentence and aggravating circumstances are circumstances may justify a harsher sentence. A defendant’s youth or the fact that the defendant was coerced into committing the crime could be considered a mitigating circumstance. A prior record, a blatant disregard for safety, or the use of a weapon can be aggravating circumstances that could lead a judge to inflict a harsher penalty than might otherwise be the case. Capital Punishment Capital punishment is the use of the death penalty to punish wrongdoers for certain crimes. Capital punishment is the ultimate deterrent by rendering those executed incapable of committing further crimes. If a murderer is dead they will no longer be a threat to society. Another viewpoint is that the criminal justice system is infallible. What this viewpoint says is that many American men and women who had been convicted of capital crimes and sentenced to death were later found to be innocent. That is the problem with the system that sometimes prosecutors will convict an innocent person just to close a case. Conclusion The four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing are an integral part of our criminal justice system. There are some factors that that can affect how a wrongdoer is punished. The debate surrounding capital punishment will most likely never end since every side has their own viewpoints.

How to Write the University of Notre Dame Essays 2018-2019

The University of Notre Dame, located in South Bend, Indiana, is a private Catholic research University ranked #18 on the U.S. News and World Report’s Best National Universities List . Boasting a football team with 11 national championships, the nation’s top Italian program, world-renowned business and architecture schools, rich alumni connections, Notre Dame offers all the benefits of a small tight-knit college community in the context of a larger top-notch research institution. Over 80% of the university’s undergraduate students live on campus in one of the 31 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, and sports teams. There is no greek life on campus, but the majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross, with over 47 chapels on campus, however, religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission. The university boasts over 120,000 alumni, including noteworthy graduates like Condoleezza Rice, Nicholas Sparks, and Joe Montana. Notre Dame’s acceptance rate for the class of 2022 was roughly 17.6% with applications up 4% over the previous year. With three 150 word short responses, Notre Dame’s writing supplement allows you to set yourself apart from the 20,000+ applications that vie for the coveted spots. To apply to Notre Dame, candidates may submit either the Common Application, or the Coalition Application. The college does not prefer one or the other. Candidates may apply through the Restrictive Early Action process (due November 1st), or the Regular Decision process (due January 1st). In addition to the required essay in the Common Application or Coalition Application, Notre Dame requires three supplemental essays: applicants are all required to complete the first prompt, but may choose from 4 different options for the second and third prompts. Read on to find out how to tackle them! Like other schools, Notre Dame has a â€Å"Why X School?† prompt to understand why the applicant is passionate about applying to Notre Dame. While this type of essay will rarely be the reason why an applicant is accepted to a certain school, it can demonstrate commitment and understanding of that school. Simply put, Notre Dame wants to understand why you want to attend their institution over all the other schools you are applying to — what makes them unique in your list. There are a few qualities that will make your essay stand out . Be as specific as possible — specificity is the key to writing a good, eye-catching essay. Try to include specific details about Notre Dame. Is it the non-existence of greek life, the religious dedication of the school, or the research-based curriculum that intrigues you? Is there a specific program that Notre Dame offers that other schools don’t or is it the rich alumni connections that provide you stronger internships and job prospects that you really care about? These are the type of details that Notre Dame wants to hear from you — how do the programs, opportunities, and curriculum that they offer fit into what you are looking for in your college experience? Generic statements like â€Å"Religion is important to me†, or â€Å"I enjoy the study abroad options available† are too broad and non-unique , they are cookie-cutter and can be used for many universities across the US (many colleges have a religious affiliation and most colleges offer opportunities to study abroad). Rather, turn this around to demonstrate how going to a strong Catholic institution will strengthen your spiritual roots or how a service trip that Notre Dame offers to Nicaragua can give you the chance to work with underserved communities and utilize your Spanish skills. The more specific, the better your essay will be and the more you will stand out. Don’t be afraid to refer to specific professors, labs, internships, study abroad opportunities, and even classes that you are excited to take. This shows that you have done the research for Notre Dame and aren’t simply using another school’s essay and replacing the school name to Notre Dame. A quick note about choosing prompts. Before immediately setting your mind on two prompts, try brainstorming ideas for each of the four options provided. Start to draft mini paragraphs and sense which prompts you may be more passionate about. There is no right of wrong prompt, but some prompts will allow you to unleash more of your personality or tell more of your story — which will frame your application in a more positive light. Here are a few questions to ask yourself before you choose your prompts, especially for Notre Dame: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Essentially, this prompt is asking, â€Å"How have you supported others?† The stronger essays will be more personal about a time you helped out a family member, friend, neighbor, or community in need. You want to show how you specifically had an impact on someone else and were there to support them through a rough time. Avoid talking about raising money for an organization or 5Ks (or 10Ks) that you did for a certain cause. While those activities may mean a lot to you, they don’t show the direct impact your actions had to support someone. Rather, something more powerful to write about would be the time your friend was really confused in math class and you sat down and helped him/her through the homework problems even though you had to skip tennis practice to do that. This shows your more humane, compassionate side — which is what Notre Dame wants to see. Really try to focus on the small gestures that had an impact on someone else. For example, you could write about the time you acted as a mentor to underclassmen, showing them around school on the first day when they were lost. While this may seem like a nonessential action that you took, it demonstrates how you supported freshmen and made them feel welcome in their new high school environment. The essay really wants you to show how you welcomed, supported, and helped a person (or group of people). Another thing to note is that your action doesn’t need to have an earth-shattering impact on someone else. However, the more reflective you are, the stronger the essay will be. Talk about how you felt helping someone else(were you worried? Confident? Nervous?) — add a more humanizing element to the essay to show that you are more than your GPA and test scores. Focus on a time you supported someone, be specific, provide details, and include how your actions impacted that person. This essay is straightforward, and with only 150 words, make sure to be concise, yet include specific details and reflections to make the essay stand out. This prompt is very open-ended , and allows you to be creative. You could write about anything from a pet, a lucky pencil, or even a stuffed animal that you will bring to college with you. The college admissions officers are not going to judge you for what you necessarily say as the one item (make sure to keep it appropriate of course), but what they care about is your explanation of why that certain item means a lot to you. For example, if you are bringing your favorite stuffed animal that is a pig, they want to know why this stuffed animal is so important to you. Have you had this stuffed animal since you were a small child or was this the stuffed animal that you always went to when you were down and made soaking wet with your tears? This type of detail and personal touch will make your essay stand out from the more generic ones. Adding specific elements that are personal and showcase the reasons why that object is important to you will help the college admissions officers understand you as an applicant better. You may also want to consider bringing something that is not tangible. Bringing certain emotions, memories, or ideas can be a spin on this essay. For example, bringing an inspiring phrase your grandmother always told you or your dedication to saving the environment, can take this essay in an interesting direction. Whatever one thing you choose, make sure to include personal details explaining why it means a lot to you. While this question may seem straightforward, it is definitely one of the harder of the 4 essay options. Rather than starting with how to answer this prompt, let’s start with how not to answer this question . Do not talk about the time that your parents didn’t say â€Å"good job† for your stellar grades, or how your teacher didn’t notice that you were the one that put together the entire presentation by yourself (even though it was a group presentation). Also, do not compare yourself with a sibling and comment how your sibling always gets praised and you don’t. These are all situations that come off as whiny, immature, and accusatory . Instead, the way to go about this essay is talking about the personal accomplishments you made over the past four years. Talk about your own personal goal to run a mile everyday for a year or your new resolution to eat dessert only once a week. These may all seem like trivial aspects of your life — but they give insight into who you really are. Running a mile everyday for a year shows college admissions officers that you have the drive and hard-work necessary to continue something for an entire year while eating dessert only once a week demonstrates your self-control and discipline. You may not have received recognition for these actions (as many may not even know that you are doing them), but they mean something to you . Another way to approach this essay is to talk about a personal challenge you had to overcome. Maybe it was a social problem you had to face in high school forcing you to stand up for a close friend, or a friend that passed away. These type of situations may not come off directly as proud accomplishments, but can be turned around to demonstrate how proud you are afterwards for sticking up for that friend or for being able to move on and be level-headed after that funeral. These type of situations show college admissions officers that you are able to turn lemons into lemonade. Your proudest accomplishment doesn’t have to be about the good times, it can also be about the bad— but if your choose this route, make sure to clearly explain why you it was a proud moment. This option allows you to be completely creative and take a bold risk . You could write about a community service project you are part of, why you think McDonalds is better than the West Coast In-N-Out, or your passion for figure skating (even though you always fall). The best essays will be ones where you unleash your inner personality and give insight into who you really are. You can take this in two ways. If you are funny, take a jab and write a humorous piece about the life of a high school AP Chemistry student. If you are very serious, maybe take time to reflect on how being serious your entire life has helped, or even hurt, you. Notre Dame wants you to take that risk with this essay and really express who you are (keep in mind you only have 150 words to do this though). If you have taken a creative writing class, or done some personal writing that is on the more creative side, this is the prompt for you. Explore with different forms of writing — poetry, satire, comedy, or even an extremely short 150 word story. This will be sure to stand out from the other applicants. If you feel uncomfortable with creative writing, you can go the more traditional route and talk freely about something you are passionate about. This more traditional essay pairs well if you have dedicated your past four years towards something you are really passionate about whether that be a certain political movement, club that you started, an organization you are on the board for, or research that you have done every summer. If you have something like that, this essay gives you the opportunity to expand on why those personal projects mean so much to you.    This essay could go incredibly well, or easily come off the wrong way to someone who doesn’t know you. So be sure to have other people read your essay (especially someone who might not know you well!). Taking this option, while it may have a high risk, also has high rewards. Want help on your Notre Dame application or essays? Learn about our College Apps Program . Want us to quickly edit your college essay? Submit it to our Rapid Review program , and we’ll get it back to you quickly with comments from our expert team. We'll send you information to help you throughout the college admissions process. Joyce Ivy Foundation Scholars-A Summer Opportunity for Women from the Midwest If you’ve ever received emails or correspondence from various organizations that claim you can be a part of an elite group of individuals, you are probably not alone. Many times, the opportunities offered sound too good to be true, and when you delve a little deeper, you learn that you can be this scholar or that scholar for an exorbitant fee. If you receive an email from the Joyce Ivy Foundation   making similar claims, don’t toss out the mail or delete the email. The Joyce Ivy Foundation is an organization that offers young women from across the Midwest the opportunity to become a Joyce Ivy Foundation Scholar, a position which includes myriad benefits, but without any hidden fees! If you are a woman from the Midwest and have aspirations of attending a highly selective university, read on to learn about how the Joyce Ivy Foundation can help you achieve your dreams. The Joyce Ivy Foundation was started in 2006 after a group of Midwest natives who had attended colleges such as Princeton, Harvard, Dartmouth, and Brown, came together with the goal of providing other young women from the Midwest the same educational opportunities they had. The founders realized that students from the Midwest were under-represented on the campuses of these highly selective universities due to lack of awareness about the opportunities and scholarships that were available to them. They also recognized that many students in the Midwest were unable to recognize their own talent or felt that they couldn’t compete with students from other parts of the country, and the foundation wanted to encourage young women to pursue various opportunities outside of their comfort zone. The Joyce Ivy Foundation created the Summer Scholars Program , which gives young women from the Midwest the opportunity to venture away from home during the summer to attend some of the most highly selective universities in the country. The foundation provides critical information about admissions, the financial aid process, the interview process, and connects scholars with peers and mentors to boost their confidence. Each year, the Joyce Ivy Foundation (JIF), names young women from Michigan, Ohio, Nebraska, Missouri, South Dakota, and North Dakota Joyce Ivy Foundation Scholars. In 2016, 78 Scholars were named from 70 different schools. Once selected as a JIF Scholar, students are offered the opportunity to attend summer programs at schools such as Yale, Harvard, MIT, Johns Hopkins, and more. The programs at these institutions vary in length, but most range from two to seven weeks. In some cases, students may be eligible to receive college credit for the coursework. Once on the campus of your selected university, you will be immersed in college classes, studying alongside university students. You will be taught by university professors, live in the college dorms, and experience life in a city. This experience allows you to have a college experience during your summer vacation that may prove to be life-changing. There are many highly qualified individuals that apply, and the selection process is very competitive. Selection criteria are based on academic record, intellectual qualities, involvement in extracurricular activities, and leadership in school and your community. You are more likely to be named a Joyce Ivy Scholar as a rising junior or senior, although there have been instances when an exceptional rising sophomore is selected. If you choose to apply as a rising sophomore, please understand that you will be competing against some of the top students in your state. The application is available in December for female students in their sophomore or junior year of high school.   On occasion, exceptional students may be chosen as rising sophomores. The application is very similar to the Common Application .   You  will be required to fill out similar forms and write essays from past and present Common Application prompts, which allows you to get a better understanding of the college application process. If you are applying for need-based financial aid, you will need to submit your parent’s tax documents to verify financial need. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. The Joyce Ivy Foundation has three levels of funding available for summer study. Funding levels are $6,000, $3,000 and $1,000. The funding is based on demonstrated financial need and is calculated estimating the full cost of attendance which includes tuition, room, board, travel, and spending money. The $1,000 award is merit-based, and although the application is the same, you will not be required to submit tax documents for this level of funding. Students will typically receive a partner scholarship from the university, and scholarship amounts will be determined by the cost of the specific summer program the student chooses to attend. In order to receive funding from the University and the Joyce Ivy Foundation, you must complete separate applications for the summer program as well as the Scholar program, and you must identify yourself as a Joyce Ivy applicant.   The Foundation encourages students to complete both applications early as funding is limited. Being named a JIF Scholar is not a prerequisite to attend a summer program. All programs that partner with JIF are open to any student, but being named a JIF Scholar confers additional financial and networking advantages. Once you are named a JIF Scholar, you will attain access to peer mentoring and support from the foundation regardless of whether or not you can attend a summer program. However, the funding you may receive can only be used for a summer program prior to graduating from high school and cannot be used for undergraduate study. The foundation has created geo-circles where students from across the Midwest are connected to each other and mentors from the organization to share information, concerns, questions, victories and defeats. The Scholars often find themselves connected for years to come and many form life-long friendships. â€Å"Receiving the opportunity to attend a summer program at Brown University stretched my comfort zone, and it provided me a first-hand experience of connecting with peers in a college environment. It opened my perspective and perception of others as I ventured outside of North Dakota, which I learned to thrive independently in a vibrant metropolitan city. Engaging in a high level academic environment allowed me to see how passionate other students were in their fields of study. The Joyce Ivy foundation served as my foundation to pursue my passion for education, as it fulfilled my desire for knowledge and learning to allow me to get into my dream school.† – Lynna, North Dakota JIF Scholar 2016 â€Å"My summer program at WashU was a life-changing experience. I came back home feeling more independent and confident than ever. Before that, I didn’t know if I had what it took to make it in to a prestigious university, but now I know that I can do anything I set my mind to. Without the generosity of the Joyce Ivy Foundation, I never would have had the amazing opportunity to travel, study, and meet people from all over the world!† – Megan, Michigan JIF Scholar 2016 Fun Facts about the 2016 JIF Scholars: The Joyce Ivy Foundation serves as a resource for young women throughout the Midwest. They believe in the transformative power of educational experiences that challenge students and raise aspirations. Each year, JIF also hosts a College Admission Symposium , where young women and their families are given the opportunity to connect with admission counselors from selective universities to learn more about the application process, financial aid and interviewing techniques. The symposium is held in May and pre-registration is required. The symposium is open to young women and their families regardless of if they are named a JIF Scholar. Each year, the foundation also hosts a gala for Joyce Ivy Scholars where they are recognized for their accomplishments. Scholars have the opportunity to visit with their peers throughout the evening, which provides an opportunity to make life-long connections with other young women that have similar dreams and aspirations. At , we work with students to help them develop a compelling admissions profile. This includes advising on summer opportunities. Learn more about our Mentorship program and how we can help you establish a competitive profile.

Miranda Warning, How it changed Police Interrogation Term Paper

Miranda Warning, How it changed Police Interrogation - Term Paper Example The first major change in police interrogation - that is, from following the voluntariness test - occurred in state law. In 1966 the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Miranda. The Miranda decision has been the mirror for modern application of the Fifth Amendment’s privilege against compulsory self-incrimination in both federal and state criminal cases. Ernesto Miranda was convicted on charges of rape and kidnapping after providing police with a signed confession. Miranda's questioning by police lasted 2 hours and was conducted in an interrogation room without the aid of a lawyer. The three other defendants charged with the crimes experienced similar interrogation situations (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966; see Vignera v. New York; California v. Stewart; and Westover v. U.S., as cited in Oberlander & Goldstein, 2001). The Miranda Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, believed a suspect automatically confronted a "compulsory" situation ("inherent pressure") when place d in a police interrogation environment. The Supreme Court believed there had been widespread abuse throughout the nation by law enforcement personnel, and thereby, †¦ concluded that without proper safeguards for the process of in- ­custody interrogation of persons suspected or accused of crime †¦ [the] inherently compelling pressures will work to undermine the individual's will to resist and [will] compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely (Dunham , 2008: p. 540). Essentially, the Miranda decision established a new approach to the admissibility of suspects' confessions by rejecting a judicial case-by-case determination of whether a confession was voluntarily given. The Court ruled that... The Miranda decision established a new approach to the admissibility of suspects' confessions by rejecting a judicial case-by-case determination of whether a confession was voluntarily given. The Court ruled that any statement resulting from the interrogation of a suspect would be presumed involuntary and thus, inadmissible unless the police first provided the suspect with four warnings. Widely known as the Miranda warnings, these standards first state that the suspect has the right to remain silent. Second, any statements made by the suspect can be used as evidence against him or her. Third, the suspect has the right to the presence of an attorney during questioning. Finally, an attorney will be appointed if the suspect cannot afford counsel. In addition, the court determined that an individual may waive these Miranda rights if the waiver is "knowing, voluntary, and intelligent." Soon after the Miranda decision, police departments developed and instituted Miranda warning statements, the majority of which were patterned after the Court's suggested warnings provided in an appendix to the Miranda decision. These warnings were added to enhance the existing test for admissibility of a confession - the due process voluntariness test.

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy Case Study

Difference Between the Tax System - the United States vs Italy - Case Study Example The author notes that the assumption by the revenue authority is true as organizations understate their revenues in readiness for bargaining with the tax authority in the actual tax payable. The aim of the approach is to earn more tax from taxpayers, than the amount that the taxpayers would pay based on their returns. The approach has further been integrated in Italy’s corporate culture such that organizations would underestimate their income, while filing tax returns, in order to gain ground for negotiating the final payable amount (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). The revenue authority also expects higher tax payments than organizations’ reported values and final payable values establish benchmarks for future tax payable amounts. This approach, according to the writer, works well with Italian firms or foreign firms that can adjust to the Italian practice. Those that are rigid to follow legal and moral provisions of their native countries, however, find it hard to cope with tax demand in Italy. The author also notes that the revenue authority is willing to intimidate taxpayers to adjust to the system and embrace the negotiation approach. The example of an American general manager explains this as he receives intimidating notices following his failure to embrace the negotiation approach. When he finally visits the revenue authority’s office, they inform him of the need for dialogue (Brooks and Dunn, 2009). I agree with the writer’s proposition that the Italian culture of tax collection is different from approaches in jurisdictions, such as in the United States, and that such differences are likely to create challenges to stakeholders from the other jurisdictions. The existence of differences in other aspects of culture across nations informs my support for the author’s proposition. While some cultures value collectivism, other value individualism. Similarly, while culture in some nations allows for informal appreciations during or after contract formations, other cultures may consider such advances immoral.  

Argue against a commonly held belief - Being Vegetarian is a Matter of Essay

Argue against a commonly held belief - Being Vegetarian is a Matter of Free Will - Essay Example Proteins and vitamin B12 are essential for cell growth, tissue building and repair. These essential components are present in meat. Vegans need to plan their diet to make sure that it includes all the important components required for body growth. Some plants are good source of protein such as beans, peas, nuts, seeds, soy products and whole grains. Vegans must eat such plant foods to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Being a vegetarian is a healthy lifestyle choice. It is good to be a vegan for a range of health, environment, religious and economical reasons. For human body functioning all the important nutrients can easily be obtained from plant foods. Green leafy vegetables, cereals, whole grains and legumes contain iron. Fruits and vegetables help the body to absorb the iron. In addition, a regular consumption of fruits and vegetables provides significant protection against cancer at many sites. Nuts and wheat are good source of zinc. Calcium is an important component for bones an d teeth. Dark green leafy vegetables such as Asian greens, almonds and Brazil nuts are good source of calcium. Nuts also contain a number of vitamins, minerals and they are naturally low in saturated fats while most are quite rich in monounsaturated fat. High consumption of nuts and whole grains has been associated with lower rates of diabetes. An increased consumption of fruits and vegetables contribute to the prevention of diabetes. Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cells production. It helps in proper functioning of nervous system and healthy brain. Mushrooms and sea vegetables are good source of vitamin B12. Vitamin D is good for skin and bones. Vegans can consume vitamin D by taking soymilk and cereals in their diet. In addition, sun is the main source of vitamin D. vegans can expose to direct UV light of the sun to get maximum vitamin D. Vegans can never face nutritional deficiencies because every essential nutrient can be obtained from plant food. Livestock drugs are har mful for human body as consumed when human body takes animal food. Growth hormones, antibiotics and veterinary drugs given to the livestock animals are dangerous for humans, as humans are secondary consumers. Meat eaters may consume hormones, drugs and other chemicals. No one knows precisely what effect these hormones have on human health but the risk is there. Some farmers use tranquillizers to keep the animals clam and antibiotics to protect them from infections. Omnivores are inevitably consumes these harmful chemicals. There are lot of pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses in animal’s meat that are danger to human health. People eating meat (omnivores) have risk of heart diseases. In addition to heart diseases, humans suffer from a wide range of diseases such as diabetes, kidney stone, osteoporosis, arthritis, acne, cancer, obesity, excess protein, fiber deficiency and food-borne illness among omnivores compared with vegetarians. Plant foods help in prev ention of cancer. Vitamin C, B-17 and beta-carotene are natural substances present in most plants that help in preventing cancer. Most animal meats are highly dangerous; as when cooked, produce cancer-containing compounds such as benzenes and other carcinogenic compounds. A powerful anticancer compound, protease is present in plant foods such as soybeans. The World Cancer Reasearch Fund published a major report in 1997 that

Democratic Peace Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Peace Theory - Essay Example 5). In that context the democratic peace theory not only directly challenges the validity and efficacy of the alternate political systems, but also the existing accounts of international relations that lay emphasis on the concepts like the strategic common interests and balance of power machinations, while delving on the international relations between salient democratic powers (Newman & Rich 2004, p. 5). Democratic Peace Theory In a simplistic context, one could ascribe the democratic peace theory as a theory that upholds the fact that the democratic nations seldom engage in war with each other (Schraeder 2002, p. 17). There exist varied other terms aimed at explaining and grasping this theory like ‘inter-democracy non aggression hypothesis’ or ‘mutual democratic pacifism’. ... 17). The other hypothesis that is put forward in the support of the democratic peace theory is that the democratically elected leaders are conversant in resolving issues through negotiations, and hence they carry on with this attribute in their approach towards foreign relations (Schraeder 2002, p. 17). No wonder, there are many people who tend to deny or criticize the democratic peace theory. What is Democracy? To a great extent the validity and relevance of the democratic peace theory is dependent on as to how one tends to define or explain a democracy. Although there is no single paradigm that grasps a holistic definition of democracy, yet, experts have identified varied salient features that delineate an ideal democracy. On most important attribute of the democratic nations is that they do have a democratically elected constitutional form of government that is answerable to people. Besides, these constitutionally elected governments happen to be representative in their scope and nature, directly responsible to the public sentiments, beliefs and aspirations. A workable and pragmatic democracy is always subservient to the principle of the separation of powers, where the powers of the state are judiciously allocated between the varied pillars of democracy like the executive and the judiciary. All the worthwhile and true democracies do extend varied judicial and legal rights to their citizens, which are legally and ethically upheld by the constitution and the state. Last but not the least, democracies do believe in extending avenues for participation to varied sections and segments of the society. Hence, in the interest of practicality, while delving on the democratic peace theory; one does

Specail education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Specail education - Essay Example for the Pastoral Care of International Students formed under the education act of 1989.Because of this St Patrick’s School should comply with the standards of enrolling international students and to provide and include English as a curriculum as a base for education for international students. The Primary School focuses on the prime necessities like accommodation and welfare of the students and offers suitable and simple support programs on language to ensure better understanding of the concepts and improve the thought process. The School has integrated primary school for years 1 to 8 .The schools has a Decile rating as 8/10 and has been rated one of the good schools in the locality. The total number of students will be around 210 including international students who are meagre in the numbers. The School has a gender composition of 57% of boys and 43% of girls. The school is populated by 73% of New Zealand European/PÄ kehÄ  and 13% of Maori sub division and only 7% of other ethnic groups. The type of Management Structure is Top to bottom approach .The primary school comprises of team of qualified educated and experienced people to facilitate and contribute ideas and works towards the achievement of school’s strategic goals and actions. The broad categories of members are Parent representatives for providing input related to child’s perspective and critically respond on any intolerance behaviour happening in the school premises.Mr.Steve Banks is the overall in charge of the parent representative’s team and will coordinate and decide on the selection of members for the committee. Finance committee is responsible for the monitoring and reviewing the profit and loss, investment and expenses and validate the same using appropriate reports. The chair person of the Finance committee is Mrs. Louise Bishop, Mrs. David Smithson, and Mrs.Melanie Ratcliffe. The Key metrics focussed as Vision of the St.Patrick’ s primary school are Faith ,Knowledge and

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assigment - Assignment Example She kills his new wife and kills the children. In Medea, a woman is seen as a complex being; as the writer was triggered by the unjust treatment of women during the era of Athens and the moral hypocrisy that it revealed. This is the intent why I deem the play Medea on an American plantation with respect to Euripides and the pressing matters that were contemporary to his life. The inciting incident in the play is where by Medea, decides to carry out revenge on her husband by killing his new wife and the children. After she is banished from the kingdom of Corinth, she begs for a day in the land. Medea then asks the chorus of Corinth women to help her carry out the revenge. The chorus tries to discourage her from carrying out the revenge, but she is set to go ahead with her plans. She poisons Jason’s new wife by poisoning her dress which she disguised it as a gift. She then poisons her children and kills them. Jason discovers this when it is too late. The writer displays the event in a fast manner to create anxiety in the audience. The events occur very fast in a manner that Medea would be caught in the act. This shows how women are forced by circumstances to take some harsh decisions. Women face a lot of mistreatment from the society forcing them to take drastic measures. Although it pains Medea to murder her children, she still goes ahead with the plan. This is because she feels betrayed by Jason and has the urge to revenge. The climax of the play is whereby Medea is banished from the kingdom. Her husband condemns her and accuses her of her downfall. He forgets that he was also part of some of the atrocities she committed. He forgets how Medea helped her to kill his uncle so as to take the throne. All this brings bitterness to Medea, which pushes her to plot a revenge mission against her husband. She decides to kill the wife, which could also hurt King Creon. The writer shows how Jason condemns Medea for her actions. This

Exam II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam II - Essay Example It is true that, the application of this agreement has helped to reduce the negative outcome of the war. In February 1848, the Mexican-American war was formally ended by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Over the next years, the tension between the United States and the Government of Mexico continued to rumble. The Gadsden Purchase treaty helped to settle the occurrence of dispute on Texas. The Gadsden Purchase included lands west of the Rio Grande and south of the Gila River. The purpose of the Treaty is for the construction of transcontinental railroad in United States along a southern road. The Gadsden Purchase is also linked to the settlement of the border issues. The key boundaries of the United States of American have been settled by the implementation of the Gadsden Purchase. The Mexican army was defeated by the Americans in a number of battles that forced Mexicans to surrender. The war was considered by the Massachusetts as a crime. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo helped to provide half-a-million square miles to United States (Tate, 2013). The line of the Gila River and the Rio Grande became international border. Moreover, the formally gave away of additional territory was not accepted by President Polk. On September 15, 1853, James Gadsden met with Santa Anna. A verbal instruction has been sent by President Pierce for Gadsden. An agent for United States investors, Christopher Ward was the one who took verbal instruction to Gadsden. The instructions gave negotiation option for Gadsden for a greater share of northern Mexico to 15 million dollars and Lower California for 50 million dollars. The instruction of the President Pierce to sell large portion of Mexico was refused by Santa Anna. Santa Anna wanted to gather money to reduce the ongoing reb ellions. This is the reason behind the application of treaty between Gadsden and Santa Anna. Mexican border was heavily raided by Americans. The Treaty was also

Sample Questionnaire Essay Example for Free

Sample Questionnaire Essay The purpose of this survey is to determine to what extent the different factors in attitude do and study interest affects individual. Enclosed you will find a self-addressed, stamped envelope to use when returning the survey. Please feel free to include any additional comments you deem necessary or relevant to improving the behavioral aspect of individual. Be assured that all your answers are highly confidential and will be treated with privacy. Your response and time is greatly appreciated. Thank you! Sincerely, Floriden Dairo Camille Punzalan Marilyn Vargsa Mary Grace Romero John Paul Bernaldez (BSE III-B, English) Below is a list of statements. Please indicate how you feel about each statement by checking the box of your answer. How family background does affect your behavior and interest in study habits? 1. My parents really care for me (_) True(_) False 2. I get along well with my parents and siblings (_) True(_) False 3. My parents really listen to I have to say (_) True(_) False 4. My parents care whether I come at home very late at night (_) True(_) False 5. My parents didn’t pay attention to what I have to say. (_) True(_) False 6. My parents didn’t appreciate my effort (_) True(_) False 7. My parents always fight (_) True(_) False 8. My mother always nagged me especially if we do not have enough money (_) True(_) False 9. My parents didn’t support our studies (_) True(_) False 10. My parents encouraged me to have an occupation at an early age (_) True(_) False How do gadgets affect your attitude and interest in the study? Check your answers. 1. What gadgets do you have? (_)Cellular phone (_) IPod (_) Television (_) Radio (_) Digital Camera (_) others 2. Do you really want to play games, listen to music, etc. rather than studying your lesson? (_)Yes (_) No 3. Whenever your mother does the household chores, do you help her? (_)Yes (_) No 4. At night, do you prefer to listen in the radio, instead of taking a rest? (_) Yes (_) No 5. Instead of playing outdoor activities, do you prefer to stay at home and play with your gadgets? (_) Yes (_) No 6. Did your parents bought whatever you ask, like all your gadgets for you to be in with your armadas? (_)Yes (_) No 7. Did radio, television, and other technologies sometimes help you to do your school activities? (_) Yes (_) No 8. Do you use your gadgets to degrade your classmates for not having it? (_)Yes (_) No 9. Did you spend more time with your gadgets rather than with your family? (_)Yes (_) No 10. Did your parents allowed you to addict in all gadgets that may cause of losing your interest with your studies. (_)Yes (_) No How do peers and peer pressure affects your attitude and study interest? Do you prefer to do things independently? (_) Yes (_) No Do you prefer to do things with the help of your friends? (_) Yes (_) No Do your friends affect largely your decision-making? (_) Yes (_) No Do you always decide based on your peer’s decisions? (_) Yes (_) No Do you consider your friend’s judgments before making friends to others? (_) Yes (_) No I am conscious about what I will wear before my friends might tease me. (_) Yes (_) No Are you afraid on bullying? (_) Yes (_) No If yes, do you have a feeling that if you neglect your friend’s judgments, they might bully you? (_) Yes (_) No If no, do you believe that â€Å"if you don’t do something wrong, nothing should be shame of†? (_) Yes (_) No Do you agree that self-progression is through your own hard work and perseverance? (_) Yes (_) NO 1) How familiar are you with your schools mission statement for school safety Very Familiar Somewhat familiar Not too familiar Not at all Familiar 2) How familiar are you with your schools emergency response plan? Very Familiar Somewhat familiar Not too familiar Not at all Familiar Please tell us how much you agree or disagree with the following statements. 3) School staff and administration uphold all discipline policies. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 4) The school provides adequate training for staff on school policies and procedures. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 5) Emergency response plans are known by all teachers and administration. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 6) Emergency response drills are performed regularly by teachers and students. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 7) The school has an anonymous student hotline for reporting potential safety problems, such as threats. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 8) The school takes all threats and rumors of violence seriously and investigates appropriately. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 8) All visitors to the school are acknowledged and accounted for at all times. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree Please tell us how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with the following: 9) How satisfied are you with the level of control the school maintains on all entrances and exits? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know 10) How satisfied are you with the exterior safety lighting? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know 11) How satisfied are you with the interior safety lighting? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know 12) How satisfied are you with the level of support the administration gives to teachers for dealing with discipline problems? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know 13) Overall, how safe do you feel in your classroom? Very Safe Some what safe Not too safe Not at all Safe Dont Know 14) Overall, how safe do you feel outside on the school grounds? Very Safe Some what safe Not too safe Not at all Safe Dont Know 15) Overall, how satisfied are you with your schools safety policies? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know 16) Overall, how satisfied are you with your schools emergency response plan? Very Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Dont Know Please indicate the extent to which the following are problems for you. Always-3 Often 2 Sometimes -1 Never 0 Cutting classes Saying bad words Bullied Smoking Financial problem Absenteeism Excessive use of alcohol Sleeping during the class Late homework Latecomer Cheating Fighting with others students Using cell phones/iPods/electronics during class hour Being honest about all rules Please indicate the extent to which the following are the appropriate assessment for the behavioral development of the students. Strongly Agree-3 Agree-2 Disagree-1 strongly disagree-0 Conducting seminars and Programs Making organizations having counseling Punishments Dismissal of the students from school Detention References Durand, V. M., Crimmins, D. B. (1992). Motivation assessment scale. Topeka, KS: Monaco Associates Incorporated. Iwata, B. A., DeLeon, I. G. (1995). The functional analysis screening tool (FAST). Unpublished manuscript, University of Florida. Lewis, T.J., Scott, T., Sugai, G. (1994). The problem behavior questionnaire: A teacher-based instrument to develop functional hypotheses of problem behavior in general education classrooms. Diagnostique, 19(2-3), 103-115. Mason, S. A. Egel, A. L. (1995). What does Amy like? Using a mini-reinforcer assessment to increase student participation in instructional activities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 28, 42-45. O’Neill, R. E., Horner, R. H., Albin, R. W., Storey, K., Sprague, J. R. (1997). Functional assessment and program development: A practical handbook. Pacific Grove, CA: Brookes/Cole Publishing Company. Singh, N. N., Matson, J. L., Lancioni, G. E., Singh, A. N., Adkins, A. D., McKeegan, G. F., Brown, S. W. (2006). Questions about behavioral function in mental illness (QABF-MI). Behavior Modification, 30(6), 739-751. https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=sample+survey+questionnaire+about+family+backgroundtbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=BWpdUp62E8fxiAfUiIGIDwved=0CGIQsAQbiw=1366bih=664#facrc=_imgdii=_imgrc=bWprTi6c_vvXQM%3A%3B9lwusfzU6z3OBM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.uncssp.org%252Fimages%252Fsspsamplequestions_school11ak.gif%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.uncssp.org%252Fabout_samplequestions.asp%3B300%3B392 Questionnaire (SOCS II) Submitted by: Camille Punzalan Floriden Dairo Marilyn Vargas Mary Grace Romero John Paul Bernaldez Submitted to: Ms. Mileth Caraan (SOCS 2 Teacher) GOODBYE By; Anonymous I wish I hadn’t met someone like you Someone who is good to be true Someone  with charms of dreams, of fiction Someone you’d be willing to pour out your affection Goodbye for me, I won’t look back Your jokes so funny, you’d make me crack Your laughter, your smile, voice so sweet Your lips so red, your eyes so deep. To my questions you are the answer You are the bonfire in the cold day of winter You are the rain that makes flower bloom You are the light that comes from the moon. But goodbye for now, we must part You’ll always occupy a place in my heart As I turn my back, forget and be glad Rather than remember and be sad Just wipe your eyes and smile once more Hope you’d find what you’re looking for Goodbye my life, my strength, my love, A gift of fate from heavens above.

Secondary education Essay Example for Free

Secondary education Essay I am the captain of our School Hockey Team. District Hockey Touranaments are to be organized in Jaipur next month. Several good teams will take part in it. Ours is a very good team. If we get a chance to take part, we may possibly win there. You are, therfore, requested to permit our Hockey Team to participate in the District Hockey Tournaments and make necessary arrange-ments for the same. Thanking you very much for your favour. Yours very obediently, Purshottam Jain Captain 24. 10. 2008 School Hockey Team (2) Write a letter to your mother for winter clothing as the winter is approaching. Boy’s Hostel, D. P. Inter College, Aligarh Dated : 28. 11. 2008. My dear Mother, I am sorry I could not write to you earlier because I was very busy with my half-yearly examination. Now I am free, the examination is over and thank God I have done very well in the examination. Im sure I will get a high rank in the half-yearly examination. There will be biting cold after a few days. Mother, you know that I do not have sufficient woollen clothes. I need a woollen sweater and a woollen coat. They will probably cost a thousand rupees. Please send me this money soon so that I may purchase these clothes from the exhibition next month. Kindly remember me to my brothers and sisters. Your dearest son, Deepak (3) Write a letter to your maternal father asking him to send money to enable you to join an Excursion Party to Kashmir arranged by your college. Old Hostel, D. A. V. Inter College, Kanpur. December 5, 2008 Respected Nanaji, I received your kind letter yesterday. My joy knew no bounds to read about Mamajis marriage. I could not acknowledge it as I was busy in the annual sports of my college. Now I am free from the strain You have asked me my plan during the witner holidays. The students of my college are going on an excursion to Kashmir for a week. I am anxious to go with them as it will teach me a lot besides recration. I have a keen desire to enjoy the natural scenes and spacious lakes of Kashmir, the paradise of India. Ill get an opportunity to see the waterfalls, house-boats and fruit cultivation there. I have to deposit five hundred rupees for the travelling expenses by the 15th of this month. I shall need another five hundred rupees for my personal expenses. I request you, Nanaji, to send me this money in time to join the party. My best regards to Naniji and love to Teenu and Palak. Your loving son, Vishal (4) Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to give you a certificate regarding your conduct and character. To, The Principal, Saraswati Inter College, Varanasi. Sir, Respectfully I beg to say that my father has been transferred to Allahabad. As I have to join the D. A. V. Inter College, Allahabad, I need a certificate about my conduct and character. I may inform you that I joined your college in 2002. I have in- variably stood first in my class. Last year I passed the High School examination and my percentage of marks obtained was 72 per cent. I was a member of football eleven last year. I was the Captain of the football team for two years—2005 and 2006. I also won first prize in debate competition last year. Kindly issue me the certificate within four days as we are leaving for Allahabad on 25th July, 2007. Thanking you for the favour, Yours most obediently, Dated 20. 07. 2007 Varun Sarkar XIB. (5) Write a letter to your friend telling him about your daily life. F-105, Kamla Nagar Agra. March 25, 2008. My dear Rajeev, Thank you very much for your sweet letter. I was really expecting it everyday. My qualifying tests are over and my mind is free from strain. Now I am leading a routine life. I get up at 5 o’clock, go to bathroom, brush my teeth, wash my hands and feet. After that I go for a morning walk with a friend of mine, who lives next door to me. At about 7 a. m. , I come back and take tea with a light breakfast. I sit to study for about two hours. At nine I get up to take a bath. Then I take my food, collect my books, put on my clothes and go to school. I return from school at 4. 00 p. m. I take tea and some fruits. After half an hours rest, I go to school play ground for playing hockey. I come back home before sunset. I devote nearly two hours in doing my home-work and preparing my lessons for the following day as also revise my lessons. I finish this by 9. 30. Then I take my dinner with my parents. Sometimes I see T. V. programme. After that I go to bed. On Sundays I wash my clothes and help my mother in one or the other domestic work. My daily routine keeps me physically fit and mentally peaceful. I would advise you to follow a programme of your daily life to achieve pleasure and peace. Your dear friend, Babloo (6) Write a letter to your friend telling him about the television programme you like the most. Also write why you like it. Gaurav Cottage, City Road, Ajmer 12th March, 2008 My dear Sanjay, Received your letter and noted the contents. I am quite well here and hope the same for you. I am studying hard for my examinations and I am sure to do very well in it. In this letter, I am writing to you about the television programme I like the most. My favourite programme is T. V. S. Sa-Re-Ga-Ma. It is telecasted on every Monday at 8 p. m. on Zee Television. It is a programme that helps new singers to show their talent. As you know I am a good singer and singing is my hobby. So I like the programme very much. Convey my respect to your parents and love to Gunjan and Jolly. With best wishes, Yours sincerely, Harish (7) Write a letter to your friend telling him how you celebrated your birthday this year. Akashdeep, Subzi Mandi, Indore. 9th February, 2008. My dear Subhah, I have received no letter from you since 10th January. I invited you to my birthday party which was on 7th February, but neither you came nor sent any letter. Are you angry with me? I had invited all my friends and relatives on my birthday this time. It was arranged at my house. The front lawn was decorated with buntings, balloons, ribbons and multi-coloured bulbs. There was a decent music and dancing programme. Manoj and I sang a few film songs, which were appreciated by all. There were a lot of your favourite dishes. I really missed you very much on that day. Father arranged a Kawwali programme which was liked by all. The artists were delighted with a shower of rose flowers and currency notes. A lot of presents were presented to me. I was very happy to receive them. Convey my resepect to your Mummy and Papa and let me know the cause of your absence per return of post to lessen my worry. With best wishes, Yours truly, Vinod (8) Write a short letter to someone in hospital to cheer him or her up. Prakash Villa,  Sarojini Naidu Road, Bikaner 20th September, 2008. My dear Meena, I was shocked to know that you met with an accident and have been admitted in the hospital. All the girls of our class miss you and pray the Almighty for your speedy recovery. The annual function was held on 10th instant. The Principal awarded you a Medal for your standing first in the class in the Antyakshari Competition held early last month. I received the medal on your behalf and have kept it with my mother. How everybody clapped and cheered when your name was announced! May you recover soon and be with us with best wishes, Yours sincerely, Manju  (9) Write a short letter to a pen friend who lives in a foreign country telling him briefly about youself. F-6, Kabir Nagar, Ghaziabad (U. P. ) India. May 16, 2008 Dear Robert, Hi, My joy knew no bound when I received your letter through pen-friend mail. I am sure you would like to know about me and mine. I am seventeen, studying in XII standard. My optional subjects are Physics, Chemistry and Maths. Hindi and Engilsh are my compulsory subjects. My father is a doctor, child specialist of name and fame in the district. My hobbies are swimming and photography. In my next letter I shall send you some photographs of the members of my family. I have a loving mother, a younger brother and a sister. They both read in Delhi Public School in Class VIII and VI respectively. I shall feel happy to hear soon about you and your family members. With regards to your parents and love to young ones. With best wishes to you. Truly yours, Avinash Goyal (10) Write a letter to your sister advising her to lend a helping hand to ailing mother in household work. Anand Bhawan Chandpole Bazaar, Jaipur 14th August, 2008. My dear Rajni, Received fathers letter and was sorry to know that mother is ill. How is she now please write to me per return of post. I am worried about her very much. She is already weak, lean and thin. See that you yourself do the household work and let not mother share in it. I shall come next week to see her when my monthy tests are over. You are quite grown up now and realize your duty. You can sweep the house, prepare tea and breakfast. Ask Kakiji to come and cook food. You also help her. Please give medicines and milk etc. in time to mother. Convey my regards to Mother, Papa and Kakiji and love to Munmun. With best wishes and love to you. Affectionately yours, Anand (11) Write a letter to your father telilng him about your hostel life. Room No. 5, Hostel Mahendra Public School,  Jodhpur. 15th July, 2008. Respected father, I have not received any letter from you since I left home. It has caused me worry about your welfare. In this letter I am writing you about my hostel life to minimize your worry about me regarding my boarding and lodging. There are twenty-five students in our hostel. There are five rooms and five students live in each room. We have a stool, a table, an armed chair and an almirah for each hosteller. There is satisfactory arrangement of breakfast and meals in the hostel. We take milk and bread slices with butter in breakfast and rice, vegetable, dal and chapati in lunch and dinner. Two special diets are given each month. We play games in the evening. Our hostel provides facility in Tennis and Volleyball. Our warden is very gentle and kind. He keeps an eye on our studies, food and games. I am very happy here. Convey my regards to mother and love to Raju and Palak. With regards Yours loving son, Madhav (12) Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for sending you a gift on your birthday. Kaveri Puram, Nehru Nagar, Agra 24th July, 2008. Respected Uncle, Yesterday I celebrated my birthday with great pomp and show. Every member of the family was present in the party except you. We all missed you very much. I thank you very much for the nice gift of a pen set sent by you on my birthday. Auntie gave it to me and told me about your going to Kanpur or an important piece of work all of a sudden. The colour design and flow of the pen is wonderful. Everybody praised it. I also longed for such a pen set. I thank you once again Uncle, for such a nice and useful gift. Ill shortly come to you when I hear about your return from Kanpur to thank you in person. Your loving nephew, Sachin (13) Write a letter to your father to raise your monthly allowance. Old Hostel, Vidhya Bhawan, Jhansi. 7th September, 2008. Respected Father,  How happy was I when I received your loving letter late last week, in which you advised me to work hard and get a good division in Boards examination. I promise to follow your advice in letter and spirit. These days the prices of everything, edible or non-edible, are rising high and becoming dearer very frequently. The mess charges have been raised by the contractor. The milkman has also increased his rate and so are the fruitsellers donig. It has become very difficult for me to pull on with the monthly allowance you are sending me now. I cannot easily take milk and fruits which are very essential to keep fit and good health. So, I request you to very kindly increase my monthly allowance from rupees four hundred to five hundred. With regards to mother and love to Manju and Neeraj. Your loving son, Pawan (14) Write a letter to your friend Deepak to accompany you in a trip to Goa. 35/A-3, Namak Mandi, Raipur. November 28, 2008. Dear Deepak, How is it that you have not replied my previous letter of the 10th inst. It has developed my curiosity to know about you and yours. The old saying ‘No news is good news’ consoles me and I hope you are perfectly well and happy just as we are here. Here is a happy news for you my chum. Father is taking all of us to Goa during the X-mas holidays. It would double our gaiety if you are also with us. You are quite familiar to our family. Even then I assure of all ease and comforts in our company. I am sure you wont disappoint me. Please remember me to your parents and convey my regards to them. Yours sincerely, Dayal (15) You are Mukund, residing at 5, Civil Lines, Jabalpur. Write a letter to your father requesting him to permit you to go on a college tour to Nepal. 5, Civil Lines, Jabalpur. 22nd October, 2008 Dear father, I received your letter two days back and read the contents with untold pleasure. I am glad you are all well and miss me on all festivities every now and then. You will pat me on my back to know that I have secured 72 per cent marks in my first terminal test. My school is closing for a week on account of Dassehra. Father, this time, I dont intend to come home during the holidays. My college tour is scheduled for Nepal. We shall go under the guardianship of our class teacher and such opportunities are few and far between in life. May I, therefore, request you to permit me to go with my classmates for a change. Arrangements have already been made for our boarding and lodging there. We shall leave Jabalpur on 25. 10. 2008 and shall be back on 31. 10. 2008. I hope you will be pleased to permit me to join the tour and send me Rs. 250/- only. With lots of love. Yours affectionately, Mukund. (16) Write a letter to your younger sister sending her a present on her winning a gold medal in Hop-step-and-Jump in college sports. 129, Lucky Market, Bhopal. December 18, 2008 Dear Chhaya, Tell mother that I am well and have wished you the same. Now that you are in class IX, you can write to me with ease, from time to time, about your well-being and progress. While reading the sports news of our District, my eyes fell on your name. My curiosity arose and I read the news with care. How happy I was when I read of your winning a gold medal in Hop-step-and-Jump in the college sports. I am sending to you a copy of English-Hindi concise dictionary by M. L. Agarwal in this context. Useful as the dictionary is, youll certainly like it and feel proud of possessing a dictionary of this standard. Wishing you repeated such occasions in your life, Your loving brother, Sachin (17) Write a letter of thanks to your friend Ashok Saxena who has sent you congratulations on your success in the examination. 10/2, Manohar Marg, Dehradun. June 9, 2008Ã'Ž My dear Ashok, I am proud of having a friend like you, who has always been encouraging me for marvellous performances in life. I got your letter of the 2nd instant congratulating me on my success in the competitive (C. P. M. T. ) examination. To be very fair, the credit of my success goes to your time-to-time guidance and encouragement. Dear Ashok accept my sincere thanks for your congratulations and remember me to your brothers and sisters. With lots of respects to your parents. Yours sincerely, Anand (18) You are Vinod Khanna, residing at 35, Vivekanand Marg, Panchmarhi, M. P. Your father is out of station. Write a letter to him stating that your mother is ill and he should come back soon. 25, Vivekanand Marg, Panchmarhi April, 6, 2008. My dear father, Your leter of the 21st March, 2008 was received only yesterday. We were all very anxious to know about you. We are glad to learn that you are perfectly well there. My annual examination begins from 14. 04. 2008. I am, therefore, very busy with my books. Unluckily mother is suffering from viral fever these days. She is feeling lonely and uncared for. As a matter of fact she is missing you. I request you to come back home at your earliest convenience to console her. Kindly bring me some good story books if not inconvenient to you. Yours affectionately, Vikas (18) You are Joseph Anand studying in Class X D of Gorkhi Higher Secondary School, Lashkar, Gwalior. Write an application to your Principal for issue of books from the Book-Bank in your school. To, The Principal. Gorkhi Hr. Sec. School, Lashkar, Gwalior. Sir, Most respectfully I beg to submit that I am a student of XD of your school. My father works as a time-keeper in a local factory. He gets a salary of Rs. 800/- per month only as is evident from his employers certificate attached herewith. He is thus unable to buy me all necessary books. I, therefore, request you to issue me some books from the school Book-bank. I promise to keep them with great care and return the same after my annual examination. Thanking you ever so much. Yours obediently, Dated 25th July, 2008 Joseph Anand XD. (19) You are Abdul Majid, a student of class X, Saraswati Higher Secondary School, Morena. Write an application to your principal for re-admission. To, The Principal, Saraswati Hr. Sec. School, Morena Respected Sir, I beg to say that I am a student of Class X of your school. My name is Abdul Majid. My father works in Gwalior Cotton Mill, Gwalior. He did not get his salary on due date as the workers were on strike. Hence I failed to deposit my school fees in time. And as such my name has been struck off. Now I am ready to deposit my old dues. Kindly permit me for re-admission and oblige. Hoping to be obliged. Your most obediently, Dated 05. 12. 2008. Abdul Majid. (20) Write an application to the Secretary, Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal requesting him to issue you a duplicate copy of your mark-sheet. Give full details of your original mark-sheet. To, The Secretary. Board of Secondary Education, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal. Respected Sir, I am very sorry to inform you that I have lost my mark sheet during my railway journey in which someone stole my attache. I need it very badly for my admission in B. Sc. Part I. I will fail to secure my admission in case I fail to submit the mark-sheet of the Intermediate Exam. by the 25th of this month. As such I very humbly request your goodself for an early compliance. The relevant details are given below— Name — Manoj Kumar Goel Fathers Name — Shri Yogendra Kumar Goel Year of Exam. — 2006 Roll No. — 81630 Name of Centre — Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Bilaspur Postal orders for Rs. 25/- are enclosed herewith. Thanking you for the favour. Yours faithfully, Encl. : Postal orders Manoj Kumar Goel Dated : June 6, 2008 10/18, Civil Lines, Bilaspur. (21) Write an application to the Principal, Scindhia School, Gwalior, requesting him to grant permission for a friendly hockey match. To, The Principal, Scindhia School, Gwalior. Sir, We, the players of the hockey team of this school, beg to say that we desire to play a friendly match against the hockey team of Gorkhi Higher Secondary School, Lashkar on Wednesday, November 24, 2008. The match will begin at 3. 30 p. m. sharp on our playground. You are requested to grant your permission for the same and oblige. We would further request you to ask our Games Superintendent to make necessary arrangement for the match. Thanking you for the favour. Yours obediently, Raj Mohan Kalra Dated 22-11-2008 Captain, Hockey Team. (22) Write an application to your Principal requesting for refund of your caution money. To The Principal, Holy Public Hr. Sec. School, Ujjain Respected Madam, Respectfully I beg to state that this year I have passed the High School Examination from this school. It will not be possible for me to continue my study here, since my father has been transferred to Indore. May I, therefore, request you to very kindly instruct your office to refund my caution money amounting to Rs. 100/- and oblige. Thanking you in advance, I am, Yours obediently, July 4, 2008 Shalini Yadav (23) You have passed the S. S. C. Examination. You went to Delhi to get admission in a college there. Write a letter to your father apprising him how you got the admission and also about your stay in the hostel. Place Date My dear father, I understand that you are eagerly waiting for a letter from me. I am happy to inform you that I got admission to the college yesterday. There was no difficulty about the admission. The Principal and two profsessors interviewed me. They were very kind and understanding. I am admitted to the Science group. I joined the college hostel yesterday itself. The hostel is a very good one. I have another boy in my room. He is the son of a doctor in Allahabad. He is very friendly. I dont need any more money. Please tell mother that I shall look after myself very well. Yours affectionately, Signature .. Name . (24) Write a letter to your friend, describing your experience in the Exam. Hall. Place Date Dear Arjun, At last my examination is over. I am awfully tired and I really need a holiday. Before I go for a holiday, let me tell you some of my experiences in the examination hall. I felt very nervous on the first day, when I was waiting outside with the other students for the doors to open. Most of them were talking and laughing. I felt so anxious that I could not speak to anyone. At last the doors were opened and we all crowded in and searched for our seats. We settled down in our places and waited anxiously for the papers. When I got the English question paper, I felt I could not answer a single question. However, when I read the questions more carefully, I learnt that I could answer most of the questions. I did not have much difficulty with Physics and Chemistry. But Mathematics was difficult. The supervisors were very strict and so there was no chance for any mal-practice. One boy was caught for copying and was expelled. Now that my examination is over, I am going for a holiday. I hope for a good result. Yours sincerely, Signature (25) Your father has just bought a new cycle for you. Write a letter to your cousin informing him about it and the first ride you had. Place .. Date My dear Shyam, You will be glad to know that my long felt desire of buying a bicycle has been fulfilled. How happy I was when my father bought it home in the evening! I could hardly wait anyone to see it. I snatched it from my father and found myself immediately on the roads. With a jump I was on it and felt like a bird in the air. It took me only a few minutes to have a round of Gandhi Square and to reach back home. I wish you were here to share my joys. Yours lovingly, Name (26) Write a letter to your friend writing about his faults and also about the good points of his character. Examination Hall,  Delhi. March 20, 2008 My dear Satish, I am in receipt of your letter dated March 14, 2008. I was surprised to read that you want me to give my free opinion about you. Ordinarily, I would think twice before speaking on such matters because few people like to hear the truth. In your case, however, I have no hesitation because I know you thoroughly well. You have certain quailities of head and heart. You are very intelligent indeed. In fact, a less intelligent person would never have asked others to bring out his virtues and defects. You have consistently improved upon your capacity to listen. Now you can be trusted with giving others a patient-hearing. You may at times lose patience under great provocation but certainly you are not liable to lose your nerves. Your ideas on friendship are no doubt high. You are worthy of being called a friend in need. Another point which goes in your favour is that you are very hard working. You are kind and generous by nature and cannot tolerate injustice being done to anybody. You are not liable to be led away by personal prejudices. You cannot, I am sure, be bribed. In fact, you have right qualities which a prospective candidate for I. A. S. should possess. In spite of this there is a great drawback in you which alone can mar all your qualities. You are very emotional and liable to be swayed away by pity. Sometimes this creates in you a sense of quality and you cannot decide matters forthwith. Remember you restless you were when you caught a pickpocket red-handed but were about to leave him after patiently hearing from him the misery with which his children would face in his absence. In similar cases your sympathies may be misplaced and you, in spite of yourself, fail to do justice. Well, you know everybody has some fault or the other in spite of his virtues. But it is only the wise who go in for heart-searching. That in itself is a great quality. I have given my free opinion about you. Write to me how do you feel after reading it ? How are your mother and father? Please convey my best regards to them. Yours sincerely, Surendra, (27) Write a letter to your father informing him of your success in winning a prize at a debate. 216, Chandni Chowk, Delhi. February 26, 2008 My dear father, You will be very glad to know that this years top prize for the best debator has come to me. It is a silver trophy beautifully cast and the name of the school is engraved on it. The debate was on ‘Inter-school’ level. Three other boys from different schools took part in it. The topic of discussion was ‘Whether Municipalisation of Secondary School Education would be Beneficial. ’ All the three boys spoke in favour of it. They said that municipali-sation of secondary education was the only way to bring about reforms in the system of education. According to them, it was proper to pass over secondary education to Municipal authorities to enable them to correlate the primary and secondary education. This would, they argued, channelise education from primary stage to higher secondary stage in one  single stream which will make for uniform progress. Their argument convinced many. My teachers felt restless when I stood up to speak. I started with a feeble voice but soon it became forceful. I smashed their arguments by saying whether my friends, in order to channelise education in one stream, would like to municipalise college education as well ? My arguments went home and the audience seemed convinced. I was highly applauded. My rivals were silent and I was declared the winner. I was later told by my teacher that the manner of my speech was forceful as were my arguments. The boys and teachers of my school were very happy because I had brought honour to them. The function ended happily. How is mother ? I wish you were here these fine days. Love to Kuckoo. Yours affectionately, Rishi (28) Write a letter to your old teacher, giving impressions of your new school and teachers. Moti Ganj, Hathras. July, 24, 2008. Respected Sahniji, I reached my new place of study on Saturday last. Today is Tuesday. Within three days I have learnt a lot about school boys and teachers here, and I am writting this letter to give young a gist of my experience. Ordinarily it would be difficult to form an opinion about others within such a short time. But the saying that coming events cast their shadows before time is correct, I think I will never have to change my opinion. The moment I reached my school and sent word to the Principal, boys came rushing to receive me. They seemed happy to find a new addition in the rolls of the school. Many of them put different questions in a single breath asking my name, class, name of the previous school and my parents. They took me by the arm and conducted me to the Principals room. The Principal offered me a seat. I gave him the letter of recommendation from you. He praised you very much and assured me that a teacher of your standing would never write a letter of recommendation in undeserving cases. Therefore, he said, I was welcome to the school. He then introduced me to my class teacher. He gave me a test. The manner of his asking questions from me was so sweet that replying to him was a matter of joy for me. His treatment showed that I was not at all a stranger to him. I have been granted admission to Xth class and I have started my studies in the right earnest from the beginning. Though I feel quite comfortable here, yet I miss you very much. I hope to see you during the Dussehra holidays to relate more experiences. Meanwhile I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, Rohit Moni (29) Suppose you are a foreigner touring India. Write a letter home to some member of your family giving him or her your impressions of the country. Tip Top Hotel, Generalganj, Kanpur. December 24, 2008 My dear Alice, I hope you have received my previous letter by now. During these days, I have been visiting one place after another. In my last letter I told you that I was leaving Mumbai for Varanasi. I reached Varanasi early in the morning of Tuesday last. There beautiful ‘ghats’ or the banks of the Ganga are a scene of great activity for the Hindus in the morning. The river flows so charmingly at a distance from the big shrines. There is neither the swiftness nor the shapelessness of the rivers here as in England. I saw the Taj yesterday on a moonlight night. You will not believe me how enchanting the Taj is. It is all white marble and the layout of the gardens around it adds to its magnificence. In the morning today I flew to Bhakra Nangal. It is a very high dam and matchless in the history of Asia. It is a great feat of engineer-ing skill. Wherever I went I found the people busy in their work. At Varanasi, I saw a class of people called here ‘Brahmins’ who sit on the river banks and invoke blessings of gods and goddesses in favour of their visitors. Quite a number of them do not look like genuine priests. In this country people are very hospitable. This I found during my visit to Bhakra. The sturdy peasants of this region called the Punjab actually surrounded me and expressed their joy at meeting me by performing a dance called ‘Bhangra’. It is such a carefree exercise of the linbs that the like of which I have never seen in any other part of the world. The country, as a whole, has changed a lot. I saw progress in every field of activity. Many new industries have sprung up. I was told that India was now capable to participating in space race. There is still another point. Wherever I went, I found people desirous of peaceful progress. There is no effort at making false claims and creating mischief. It is really a socialist society which Indians were labouring hard to raise out of the ruins of the past. I feel my visit to this country has paid me well. I wish you were able to accompany me. Your loving brother, Manik Chand Jain  (30) Write a letter to your father telling him about your new friend. Describe what you have liked about him. Prakash Villa, Brahmnal, Varanasi. April 20, 2008. My dear father, I apologise I could not write to you earlier. It was not that I was busy in my studies. It was just for very interesting thing. Only a fortnight ago, a new boy named Mahendra Yadav joined our school in my class. He was given a seat beside me. At first sight I did not like him but his habits have endeared him to me and to many other boys so much that on the first Saturday we all went out for a picnic to a nearby village and passed our Saturday holiday on his initiative. Mahendra is almost of my age and complexion. He is very good at studies. Because he sits with me in the classroom, we have become fast friends. The most lovable thing in Mahendras character is his quality of leadership. He has not been here for more than a mere fortnight and he is already being tipped for leadership of our class. During this period he has organised on two occasions outings and managed the whole show single handedly. Few boys can compare with him. The teachers are also very impressed by him. You would be glad to know that I have already invited him to accompany me during the summer vacations. I am sure you would be glad to meet him. Please convey my respects to dear mother. Your loving son, Atul (31) Your friend is poor but good at studies. He is thinking of leaving the school. Write a letter advising him not to take this step and promising help to him. Raniwala Ghera Aligarh. September 18, 2008 My dear Raghubir, I am in receipt of your letter and beileve me, the contents of it shocked me.